The meaning of blockchain ico

1. bitcoin is a kind of virtual digital currency proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. It is characterized by no centralized issuing institution and a fixed total of 21 million pieces. It is not a one-time issue and needs to be proced by miners. Due to the decentralized structure, trust needs to rely on cryptography and consensus mechanism technology to achieve
blockchain is a general technology derived from bitcoin. It implements a decentralized database model. Bitcoin can be called blockchain 1.0 because it has no concept of smart contract. The key technologies of blockchain include cryptography encryption and decryption and consensus mechanism. Blockchain is generally used to combine with specific business logic, which needs to rely on smart contract, which provides an execution mode free from human interference
the IPO of ICO originates from the concept of initial public offering (IPO) in the stock market. It is the behavior of blockchain project to issue token for the first time, raise bitcoin and solve Ethereum and other common digital currencies.

2.

ICO (abbreviated as initial coin offering) is the concept of initial public offering (IPO) derived from the stock market. It is the behavior of blockchain project to issue token for the first time and raise bitcoin, Ethereum and other general digital currencies

brief introction to ICO:

ICO is a blockchain instry term, which is a common way to raise funds for cryptocurrency / blockchain projects. Early participants can get the cryptocurrency generated initially as a return

because the token has market value, it can be converted into legal currency to support the development cost of the project. The tokens issued by ICO can be based on different blockchains. The common issue is based on Eth and BTS blockchain, which provides bookkeeping service and value consensus to realize global issue and circulation

ICO participants are very important for the success of a project. They will publicize the blockchain project in the community, so that the tokens generated by it can obtain liquidity before the transaction starts. However, the most important value of ICO participants is still the potential benefits brought by the project development or the price appreciation after the token issue

extended information:

domestic prohibition:

at 3:00 p.m. on September 4, 2017, the people's Bank of China led seven ministries and commissions, including the Information Office of the people's Bank of China, the Ministry of instry and information technology, the State Administration for Instry and commerce, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission, to issue the announcement on preventing the financing risk of token issuance (hereinafter referred to as the announcement)

the announcement points out that token issuance financing is essentially an unauthorized illegal public financing behavior, which requires that all kinds of token issuance financing activities should be stopped immediately from the date of the announcement, and at the same time, organizations and indivials who have completed token issuance financing should make arrangements such as refund

3. Bitcoin virtual currency was invented by Nakamoto (alias) in 2009
the underlying technology of blockchain bitcoin is actually that it supports the stability of bitcoin in the past eight years. You can understand it as a subversive accounting method or database, and the core is decentralization
ICO, which is essentially blockchain crowdfunding. If an enterprise does ICO, you can understand it as IPO, But the financing is not money, but virtual currency, such as 3000 bitcoins. Of course, you can choose to sell it in any country in exchange for the legal tender of a country

4. It is a new form of distributed artificial intelligence. 21, which goes beyond the traditional and conventional information verification paradigm that needs to rely on the center. We can query the history of each bitcoin transaction: a spends 80000 to B, so that all data changes or transaction items are recorded on a cloud system. Now suppose that Party A and Party B each have one million yuan in their custody. So. B turns 50000 to a, which records the user's ownership of bitcoin and the records and examples of all users' transactions of bitcoin. 3, and these data are shared by all bitcoin nodes, through the data block, three people of C, and add 80000 yuan in the name of B. Bitcoin's "account book" is called data blockchain, which replaces the current dependence of the Internet on the central server with data blocks and subtracts 50000 yuan from the name of B. the essence of data blockchain technology is decentralized and embedded in distributed data storage. If Party A spends 50000 yuan to Party B, Party C will add 50000 yuan to the account book, and all the funds of Party A and Party B will be kept by Party C. 4. The function of data blockchain is similar to that of C's account book. In addition, each capital transaction should be recorded by C, which theoretically realizes the self proof of data in data transmission: A, C is in the account book record, and C is in the account book record, which reces the establishment cost of global "credit". This kind of point-to-point verification will proce a "basic agreement". All the data blockchains on the network constitute the distributed network database system of bitcoin, subtracting 50000 yuan under the name of institute a, and adding 50000 yuan and 50000 yuan under the name of institute B. If a bitcoin transaction is confirmed by the data blockchain, the relevant information will be recorded in the data blockchain, and the method of transmission and proof will establish a new interface and sharing interface for human brain intelligence and machine intelligence, minus the 80000 yuan in the name of institute a, recording the transaction record data on the whole bitcoin network Data blockchain is an important concept in bitcoin financial system. It's just that this "book of accounts" is made up of the mining records of every bitcoin miner on the Internet

5. < UL >

ICO has two important meanings

ICO is the icon file format of windows. Icon files can store icon files of single pattern, multi size and multi color board. An icon is actually a collection of images in different formats, and also contains a certain transparent area

ICO (abbreviated as initial coin offering) is an IPO concept originated from the stock market. It is a behavior of blockchain project to issue token for the first time, raise bitcoin, solve Ethereum and other common digital currencies

6. The team leader adds a small whale bonus, collects the members' mines, records the quantity and type of minerals of each miner, and has such tools. Then the team leader is responsible for pulling mines and selling them to guitars, and the team leader receives 10%.

7. 1、 Basic training

from the psychological characteristics of different ages of primary school students, the basic requirements of oral arithmetic are different. Low and middle grade students mainly add one or two digits. It is better for senior students to take the one digit by two digit mental arithmetic as the basic training. The specific requirement of oral arithmetic is to multiply the number of one digit and the number of ten digits of two digits, and then add the proct of multiplying the number of one digit and the number of one digit of two digits to the three digits, and quickly say the result. In primary school, this training is a sublimation training of abstract thinking of numbers. It is very beneficial to promote the development of thinking and intelligence. This exercise can be arranged in two periods. One is to read in the morning, the other is to arrange a group at the end of homework. Each group is divided as follows: one digit is optional, corresponding to the number of one digit or ten digit in two digits. There are 18 questions in each group. Let the students write the formula first, then write the number directly after several times of oral calculation. In this way, after a period of time (generally 2-3 months), the speed and accuracy of oral calculation will be greatly improved< Second, the main form of the number of senior primary school students has changed from integer to score. In the operation of numbers, the addition of different denominators is the most time-consuming and error prone place for students, and it is also the key and difficult point of teaching and learning. How to overcome this key and difficult point? It is proved that it is correct to put the oral calculation of fraction operation on the addition of fractions with different denominators. Through analysis and inction, there are only three cases of different denominator addition (subtraction) method, and each case has its oral arithmetic law. As long as students master it, the problem will be solved

1. For two fractions, the large number in the denominator is the multiple of the decimal

for example, "1 / 12 + 1 / 3", in this case, oral arithmetic is relatively easy. The method is: the big denominator is the common denominator of two denominators. As long as the small denominator is expanded by multiple, until it is the same as the big number, the denominator is expanded by several times, and the numerator is also expanded by the same multiple, We can add the fractions with the same denominator for oral calculation: 1 / 12 + 1 / 3 = 1 / 12 + 4 / 12 = 5 / 12

2. The denominator of two fractions is coprime. This kind of situation is more difficult in form, and students are also the most headache, but it can be changed from difficult to easy: after it is divided, the common denominator is the proct of two denominators, and the numerator is the sum of the proct of the numerator of each fraction and the other denominator (if it is subtraction, it is the difference of the two procts), such as 2 / 7 + 3 / 13. The oral calculation process is: the common denominator is 7 × 13 = 91, molecule 26 (2 × 13)＋21(7 × 3) = 47, the result is 47 / 91

if the molecules of both fractions are 1, the oral calculation is faster. For example, "1 / 7 + 1 / 9", the denominator is the proct of two denominators (63), and the numerator is the sum of two denominators (16)

3. Two fractions and two denominators are neither coprime numbers nor multiples of decimals. In this case, we usually use the short division method to get the common denominator. In fact, we can also calculate the general score directly in the formula and get the result quickly. The common denominator can be obtained by enlarging the large number in the denominator. The specific method is: to double the large denominator (large number) until it is a multiple of another denominator decimal. For example, 1 / 8 + 3 / 10 expands the large number 10, 2 times, 3 times and 4 times, and compares it with the decimal 8 every time to see if it is a multiple of 8. When it is expanded to 4 times, it is a multiple of 8 (5 times), then the common denominator is 40, and the numerator is expanded by the corresponding multiple and then added (5 + 12 = 17), and the number is 17 / 40

the above three cases are also applicable to the addition and subtraction method with score< Thirdly, the content of memory training is extensive, comprehensive and comprehensive. Some common operations are often encountered in real life. Some of these operations have no specific rules of oral arithmetic and must be solved by strengthening memory training. The main contents are as follows:

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2. The proct of the approximate value of PI 3.14 with one digit and with several common numbers 12, 15, 16 and 25

3. The denominator is the decimal value of the simplest fraction of 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20 and 25, that is, the interaction between these fractions and decimals

the results of the above numbers, whether in daily work or in real life, are used very frequently. After mastering and remembering them, they can be transformed into abilities and proce high efficiency in calculation< Four, regular training

1. There are mainly five laws in this aspect: commutative law and associative law of addition; Commutative law, associative law and distributive law of multiplication. Among them, the multiplication distribution law is widely used and has many forms, including positive use and negative use, and the forms of integer, decimal and fraction. In the multiplication of fractions and integers, students often ignore the application of the law of distribution of multiplication, which makes the calculation complicated. Such as 2000 / 16 × 8, using the law of multiplicative distribution, the result is 1001.5, but using the general method of false fraction is time-consuming and easy to make mistakes. In addition, there are subtraction properties and quotient invariant properties< 2. Regular training. It is mainly the oral calculation method (strategy) of the square result of the two digit number of 5

3. Master some special cases. For example, in fractional subtraction, if the numerator is not enough to be subtracted after general division, and the numerator subtracted is usually larger than the numerator subtracted by 1, 2, 3 and other smaller numbers, no matter how big the denominator is, it can be directly calculated orally. For example, the difference between 12 / 7 and 6 / 7 is only 1. The difference between 12 / 7 and 6 / 7 must be 1 less than the denominator. The result is 6 / 7 without calculation. Another example is: 194 / 99-97 / 99, if the difference between the numerator and denominator is 2, the difference between the numerator and denominator is 2, and the result is 97 / 99. When the subtracted molecule is larger than the subtracted molecule by 3, 4, 5 and other smaller numbers, the result can be quickly calculated orally. Another example is the mental calculation of the proct of any two digit number and 1.5, which is two digits plus half of it< 5. Comprehensive training

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2< 3. Comprehensive training of four mixed operation sequences

comprehensive training is concive to the improvement of judgment ability, reaction speed and the consolidation of oral arithmetic

of course, in order to make students master the above situations, teachers should first use them skillfully, so that they can be handy in guiding and improve the effect. At the same time, the training should be carried out persistently. It is difficult to achieve the expected effect to catch fish in three days and dry the net in two days.

8. 1、 To cultivate children's interest in calculation
"interest is the best teacher". In the teaching of calculation, first of all, we should stimulate children's interest in calculation, make students happy to learn and do, teach students to master certain calculation methods, and achieve the goal of correct calculation and fast calculation
in order to improve students' interest in computing, we should combine teaching with fun and pay attention to the diversification of training forms. For example, the design of mathematical exercises for a small train: (for example: 9 + 6 = 15 15 + 60 = 75 75-50 = 20 20 + 32 = 52 52-9 = 43 + 8 = 51) in the classroom, I use the way of men and women's competition training; Let the students do oral arithmetic or listen to it in the form of cards in class. Let children use a variety of forms of training, not only can improve the interest of calculation, but also cultivate children's good habit of calculation< Second, in close contact with daily life, making use of various activities in daily life is a very important way to carry out mathematics ecation for children. The surrounding environment of children's life is full of knowledge and content about number, quantity and form. Using daily life to carry out mathematics ecation can make children acquire simple mathematics knowledge in a relaxed and natural situation, and arouse their interest in mathematics. When going up and down stairs, children can count the number of stairs while walking. Similarly, when organizing children's walking, labor and other activities, they can randomly and flexibly guide children to understand and review the knowledge about numbers and shapes, so that children know that the world around them is full of all kinds of mathematical knowledge, thus arousing their interest in exploring and learning mathematics< Third, pay attention to the intuitive demonstration teaching method
the demonstration method is one of the intuitive teaching methods. In the calculation teaching, the teacher demonstrates the real object or teaching aids, carries on the demonstrative operation, presents the number or shape knowledge in the intuitive form, enables the children to obtain the abstract mathematics knowledge through the intuitive means, and cultivates the children's observation ability and imagination ability. The demonstration method is suitable for children of all ages. Its advantage is that it can make children get rich typical perceptual materials, so as to deepen the understanding of the preliminary knowledge of mathematics. Of course, the role of language is indispensable in the process of demonstration. Teachers should use vivid, vivid and clear language to explain, or put forward some enlightening questions, so that children can think and their thinking activities are always in a positive state. For example, when teaching children to understand the meaning of "bisection", the teacher can take a square piece of paper for demonstration, first fold it in half and divide it into two rectangles of the same size. The teacher divides equally and guides the children to observe how the teacher divides a square into two rectangles. At the same time, let the children observe and compare whether the two rectangles are exactly the same. Then the teacher can also use the same method to show the children the process of dividing a rectangle and a circle equally. Finally, on the basis of direct perception, children can divide a figure into two identical figures through thinking, that is, bisection. When using the demonstration method, we should pay attention to:
first of all, the demonstration should highlight the key points and difficulties of knowledge, let children observe, compare and think clearly. In the process of demonstration, we should guide children to observe the main aspects of the object, not too plot, so as not to distract children's attention. Secondly, the teaching aids used in the demonstration should be larger, so that each child can see each action clearly, so as to help focus the attention of children and give full play to the role of demonstration. Third, the demonstration should be accompanied by simple, clear and vivid instructions, and the content of the demonstration should be expressed in language, so that children can get a deep impression< In the process of teaching, teachers do not directly tell children the preliminary knowledge of mathematics, but guide them to discover and explore the preliminary knowledge of mathematics on the basis of their existing knowledge and experience. This method can fully mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of children's learning, and improve children's exploring spirit of learning mathematics and the ability to solve problems independently. The general steps of using guided discovery teaching method are: teachers guide children to observe and operate directly, at the same time, they ask children questions, let children think, find out the way to solve the problem, and get the answer (conclusion) of the problem
for example, when children in large classes learn subtraction, through observation and operation, they know that one of the original objects has been removed, and none has been removed, or is equal to zero. Let's say 1-1 = 0. Using the same method, we can know that 2-2 = 0, 3-3 = 0, etc. On this basis, we should guide children to find the rule that the subtraction of two identical numbers is equal to zero. We can also use the guiding discovery method to make children know the simple law of the composition of numbers< 5. Correct the mistakes and practice more than once.
If a child makes mistakes in calculation, it shows that he does not have a solid grasp of this kind of calculation, and it is useless to correct the mistakes. We know that if we want to cut a piece of wood with a knife, the second knife will certainly follow the notch of the first knife. If the first knife is cut wrong, the second and third knives must be very careful to cut well. If you don't pay attention, you will slip to the notch of the first knife again. Therefore, when children make mistakes, they must make one mistake and practice ten to get the effect. I often give children examples of knitting sweaters. When we first learned how to knit sweaters, although we had mastered the method and were very attentive, we often made mistakes and needed to take them apart and start over. When we are proficient, we can chat, watch TV and knit sweaters at the same time. The same is true of learning. Improving children's calculation speed and accuracy is the real way to lighten their burden
computing ability is one of the most basic learning abilities, but the isolated numbers are always boring. We think that with the growth of children's age, it is necessary to increase the difficulty of some games. New challenging games can stimulate children's interest in exploration, and repetitive training should be enough. Otherwise, it will not promote children's learning ability, but may lead to children's boredom and hinder further learning.

9. I don't know what the hell it is