East of blockchain
1. Blockchain is a distributed database (system) placed in a non secure environment
2. The blockchain uses cryptography to ensure that the existing data cannot be tampered with
3, the blockchain uses consensus algorithm to reach consensus on new data
the system with the above three properties is blockchain.
blockchain is the underlying system of distributed ledger in bitcoin. Bitcoin ledgers are built in a distributed and spontaneous way. Anyone can generate new currency blocks by performing specific cryptographic calculations, so as to obtain a digital "currency" that can be used for transactions. Bitcoin's impact on the world monetary system can be said to be subversive, which is also an important reason why it has attracted a lot of people's strong attention since it came out. After that, there were dozens of similar electronic currencies such as
"lightcoin". The abstract extraction of distributed digital currency technology from bitcoin forms a "blockchain" technology, which can be used in more fields
the basic idea of blockchain is to establish a network-based public ledger (data block), each block contains the information of a network transaction. All the participating users in the network work together to keep accounts and check accounts. All the data are open and transparent, and can be used to verify the effectiveness of the information. In this way, the authenticity and non tamperability of information can be guaranteed at the technical level without the central server as the trust intermediary
the significance of blockchain lies in "decentralization", which can fundamentally solve the fraud and rent-seeking phenomenon in value exchange and transfer by building a more reliable network system. With the popularization of blockchain technology, the digital economy will be more authentic, and the economic society will become more fair and transparent
not only digital currency, but also blockchain technology is infiltrating into more innovative fields.
virtual digital currency such as bitcoin is just an application scenario of blockchain technology. Theoretically speaking, based on the characteristics of blockchain technology, human beings can create a very rich form of services and procts, such as finance, government, enterprises, etc There are a large number of scenarios suitable for blockchain technology in cross instry and other fields, with broad prospects. At present, many countries around the world have started the research of blockchain technology, and a series of instry organizations and alliances have been established. However, as blockchain technology is a brand-new technology, which subverts the traditional centralized mode, major institutions are still in the research stage, with only a small number of actual projects landing, and the great development of the instry has just begun
now, blockchain economy is on the eve of outbreak. The exploration of financial instry is ahead of others, while the application of other instries is developing rapidly. The obvious advantage of blockchain instry application is to optimize business process, rece operation cost and improve collaborative efficiency. This advantage has been graally reflected in financial services, Internet of things, public services, social welfare and supply chain management
as the backbone of emerging technologies, blockchain is not only used in the field of virtual currency, but also in other fields such as finance, medical care, intellectual property certification, etc. a large number of excellent enterprises have emerged in China to explore or enter the blockchain instry. According to the in-depth analysis report on business model innovation and investment opportunities of blockchain instry released by foresight Instry Research Institute, as of the end of 2016, there were 105 blockchain related enterprises in China, 80% of which were concentrated in eastern coastal cities, including Shanghai, Hangzhou and Taipei
from the perspective of global blockchain technology application development, as of April 2017, financial service companies accounted for 55.43% of the 267 blockchain venture capital companies; From the perspective of the Chinese market, 34 of the top 50 blockchain venture capital companies in 2016 are involved in financial services, mainly in cross-border payment, bill discounting and financial service platform<
analysis of the development trend of blockchain
the combination of blockchain and cloud computing is more and more close, and baas is expected to become a public trust infrastructure
cloud computing is the general trend. We believe that the combination of blockchain and cloud is also an inevitable trend. There are two modes for the combination of blockchain and cloud, one is blockchain in the cloud, the other is blockchain in the cloud. The latter, namely baas, blockchain-as-a-service, refers to that the cloud service providers directly provide blockchain as a service to users. In the future, more and more cloud service enterprises will integrate blockchain technology into the ecological environment of cloud computing. By providing baas function, they can effectively rece the deployment cost of enterprise application blockchain and rece the initial threshold of innovation and entrepreneurship
the security problem of blockchain has become increasingly prominent, and security protection needs the overall consideration of technology and management
blockchain system is almost perfect mathematically, with the advantages of openness and transparency, difficult to tamper, reliable encryption, anti DDoS attack, etc. However, from the engineering point of view, its security is still restricted by infrastructure, system design, operation management, privacy protection and technology update iteration. In the future, we need to consider the overall situation of technology and management, strengthen basic research and overall protection, so as to ensure the application security
the competition of blockchain is becoming increasingly fierce, and patent competition has become an important field of competition
with the increase of participants, the competition of blockchain will become more and more fierce, and the competition is all-round, including technology, mode, patent and other dimensions. We believe that in the future, enterprises will strengthen the layout of blockchain patents. Since 2014, the number of blockchain patent applications has grown explosively. Blockchain patents are mainly distributed in the United States in North America, the United Kingdom in Europe, China and South Korea in Asia, and this pattern will be maintained in the future. The patent gap between China and the United States is narrowing, and the number of applications in China in 2016 has surpassed that in the United States. It can be predicted that the patent competition of blockchain will become increasingly fierce in the future
with the acceleration of domestic policy process, the development of the instry ushers in a new opportunity
blockchain has attracted attention from all walks of life e to its core advantages of high performance, high security, high-speed access, efficient operation and so on. In the context of the rapid development of blockchain, China conforms to the needs of globalization, closely follows the international pace, and actively promotes the research, standardization and instrialization development of domestic blockchain related fields
trustworthiness is the core requirement of blockchain, and the importance of standards and specifications is becoming increasingly prominent
in the future value delivery network based on blockchain, we will completely use algorithms and software to build the trust foundation. However, we believe that this is far from enough, and we need the standard to increase the credibility of the blockchain. In the future, the standard of blockchain will standardize the technology and governance of blockchain from the perspective of users, business oriented, and from the dimensions of smart contract, consensus mechanism, private key security, and authority management, so as to enhance the credibility of blockchain and add weight to the trust of blockchain.
and mining machinery research and development, distributed storage application development and mine integration construction. At present, it has participated in the construction of five IPFs mines at home and abroad, and has a number of 100000 megabytes of fixed public IP backbone networks. In the future, it will spread IPFs nodes all over the world. It is the leader in the promotion and mining of IPFs in the world, and the builder of IPFs Explorer alliance< Location of Ningbo mine: it is located in the financial core circle of the eastern new town next to Ningbo municipal government, a sub provincial city with independent urban planning in Zhejiang Province.
the mine is divided into six phases, with a total area of 500 square meters. Each phase is equipped with more than 10bp storage capacity and 2400 IPFs equity nodes. The total capacity is 14400 IPFs equity nodes. Mine technical support: Tongji blockchain laboratory IPFs team point-to-point technology IPFs team
single node hardware configuration: customized enterprise server sharing 16 core 32g DDR3, 24 disk chassis + 1200W power supply, Yingyeda b600 motherboard + Intel CPU (e5-2450l * 2 16 core 32 thread) + al heat sink + 128G memory, Dell / Seagate 6tb SAS hard disk al Gigabit network port adopts 10 Gigabit dedicated optical fiber for Telecom in each phase, and the uplink and downlink are equivalent to 10 Gigabit dedicated optical fiber. The computer room is built according to IDC five-star standard, with electrostatic floor, totem cabinet, heptafluoropropane fire extinguishing system, three-way power supply + UPS power supply + 7 * 24 monitoring system + all-weather administrator on ty
dig before the main network goes online: Based on the digital currency of IPFs storage projects, users have corresponding income at this stage, but the rental fee and operation and maintenance hosting fee are exempted
according to the official launch time of the main network test version (Q4, 2018) and the official launch time of the main network (end of Q1 & Q2, 2019), and according to the comprehensive configuration and the best technical optimization of the thunder mine nodes, IPFs proces about 2-3 filecoins in a single node, and the price of a single filecoin is about RMB 50 in the current futures exchange, with a daily income of RMB 100-200, The annual income of single filecoin is about 50000 yuan. Income in other currencies is not included
according to the application and market heat of IPFs, its reasonable currency price should be RMB 1000-2000, with great potential for later appreciation
in the fourth quarter of 2018, Zhejiang thunder blockchain technology will lay out IPFs mines in other first tier cities in China: Hangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen, and will lay out overseas mine nodes in 2019.
now no hospital can say that the birthmark can be completely eliminated, even the skin replacement operation will have traces!
In 2018, China's household per capita property was 2088883 yuan, an increase of 7.49% compared with 194332 yuan in 2017, and the growth rate was higher than the growth rate of per capita GDP (6.1%)
the net property value of urban households accounted for 71.35% of the family's per capita wealth, and that of rural households accounted for 52.28%. 93.03% of the households owned one house
China's household financial asset allocation structure is single, still concentrated in cash, demand deposits and time deposits, accounting for nearly 90%. Preventive needs such as medical care, pension and children's ecation are important factors of household savings. More than 60% of the respondents are risk averse
in the past 40 years of reform and opening up, the disposable income of urban and rural residents in China has increased significantly. At the same time, the capital market has developed rapidly, and asset allocation has become an important part of household investment decision-making. As one of the important manifestations of unbalanced development, income and property gap has become the focus of social attention“ The "China household wealth survey" involves four parts: household member information, household income and expenditure, property, family economic status and life attitude. It focuses on the in-depth survey of household wealth from the perspectives of urban-rural differences, asset allocation, investor characteristics and investment channels
Asset allocation and wealth gap are closely related to China's economic and social development. The high proportion of real estate, the single structure of financial assets and the high preventive savings are all contrary to the expansion of domestic demand, which leads to the weak growth of domestic demand. A single asset structure is more difficult to resist asset risks, which is not concive to the stable growth of residents' property. The large wealth gap also has a negative impact on labor supply and proction investment. In view of this, we need to introce practical policies to change the unreasonable asset allocation and the increasing wealth gap, change the investment expectations of residents and narrow the wealth gapthere is a large gap between urban and rural family property
the survey report shows that the per capita property of Chinese families in 2018 was 2088883 yuan, an increase of 7.49% compared with 194332 yuan in 2017, and the growth rate was higher than that of per capita GDP (6.1%). In 2018, the per capita property of urban and rural families was 292920 yuan and 87744 yuan, respectively. The per capita property of urban families was 3.34 times that of rural families, and the per capita property of urban families increased faster than that of rural families
there are some differences in the property composition between urban and rural residents. In terms of the property structure of Chinese households, real estate accounts for 70%, the net value of urban households accounts for 71.35% of the per capita wealth, and the net value of rural households accounts for 52.28%. The source of per capita wealth growth shows that the growth of net real estate value is an important factor in the growth of per capita wealth of families in China, and the growth of net real estate value accounts for 91% of the growth of per capita wealth of families. Therefore, urban households with higher net property value will get more wealth accumulation from the substantial growth of net property value
There were significant differences in the housing composition between urban and rural residents. The rural households mainly built their own houses, accounting for 53.18%. Only 21.81% of them bought new commercial houses, and 6.73% bought second-hand houses. Urban households mainly buy new commercial houses, accounting for 36.26%, while self built houses only account for 24.43%. Self built houses account for half of rural households, and the proportion of second-hand houses is 10.97%. Under the background that the transaction of rural residential land has not been fully opened in China, compared with self built housing, new commercial housing and second-hand housing have higher value. At the same time, the growth of China's real estate net value is mainly reflected in the new commercial housing and second-hand housing. Therefore, the difference of real estate net value between urban and rural residents reflects the difference of housing composition between urban and rural residents to a certain extent With the development of capital market, the investment channels of urban and rural residents are greatly enriched, but from the actual investment share, the financial asset structure of Chinese residents is still single, especially for rural residents, which is consistent with the situation that the proportion of property income in China's macro distribution pattern is very low. The capital market needs to be further improved to promote the diversity of financial assets of urban and rural residents, and then improve the property income of urban and rural residentsthe survey report shows that the distribution of financial assets of households is still concentrated in cash, current deposits and fixed deposits, accounting for 88%, close to 90%. Among the 35 OECD countries for which data are available, only 8 countries account for more than 50% of household financial assets in terms of deposits and cash, and only 3 countries account for more than 60%; Among the Nordic countries with wide coverage of social welfare and social security, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway account for 19.34%, 19.95%, 31.14% and 38.75% of household financial assets in cash, demand deposits and time deposits, respectively, which are at a low level. A single financial asset structure is not concive to the balance of asset risk of households, and it is difficult to maintain and increase the value
from the perspective of risk attitude self-assessment and risk tolerance, the residents with risk aversion attitude accounted for the majority. It is not difficult to understand that the financial asset structure of households is single when households are mainly risk averse and have strong risk aversion motivation
in this round of household wealth survey, the respondents scored themselves on their own risk tolerance, with 0 as the lowest and 10 as the highest. The statistical results show that 32.81% of the respondents have zero risk attitude, which is the highest proportion of all the scores, indicating that the group with little risk tolerance accounts for the largest proportion; Only 6.78% of the respondents had a self-rated risk attitude of 6 or above; The proportion of risk averse people with risk self rating of 3 or below was as high as 70.33%
it also shows that most families are risk averse to measure their risk tolerance according to the degree of investment principal loss they can bear. 5.57% of the families can bear the loss of more than 50% of the investment principal, 8.66% of the families can bear the loss of 20% to 50% of the principal, 21.01% of the families can bear the loss of less than 10% of the principal, as many as 64.76% of the families can not bear the loss of the principal, which shows that more than 60% of the families' investment behavior belongs to extreme risk aversion. At the same time, most of the urban residents with high per capita wealth are risk averse, and more than 50% of the urban families can not bear the loss of principal, reaching 55.2%; The proportion of rural families is as high as 83.88%
higher preventive demand has pushed up the proportion of savings and reced the investment share of other financial assets. According to the survey results, the main reasons for household savings in China are as follows: "coping with emergencies and medical expenses" accounts for 48.19%, "preparing for the elderly" accounts for 36.78%, "preparing for children's ecation" accounts for 23.97%, "other reasons" accounts for 20.57%, "unwilling to bear investment risks" accounts for 13.82%. The main reasons for urban and rural household savings are basically the same. To a certain extent, the social security system needs to be improved to rece the residents' demand for preventive savings. The higher precautionary saving leads to the simplification of financial asset structure and is not concive to the expansion of domestic consumption demand
real estate forms "crowding out" effect
because the funds used by families for investment are limited, generally speaking, family investment has a certain order. When one investment reaches a certain level or condition, the next investment will be carried out. The ownership rate and value-added range of real estate in China make real estate investment the first choice of family investment funds, thus recing the share that can be used for financial asset investment
Chinese households have a higher housing ownership rate. From the perspective of residents' wealth, the household wealth survey focuses on whether the families interviewed own housing, rather than whether they own housing in their current residence. According to the survey data, 93.03% of households own one house, 3.82% of households have two or more houses, and only 3.14% of households have no houses. The average number of self owned housing units of families in China is 1.02, that is, each family has one set of housing on average
the net value of real estate increased rapidly, boosting the enthusiasm of family real estate investment. From the perspective of family wealth structure, there is little change in family property structure, and the proportion of net property value remains high; Moreover, the growth of family property is largely caused by the growth of net property value. It can be seen from the report that 91% of the growth in per capita household property comes from the growth in net property value. In addition, compared with the growth rate of 7.49% of the national per capita household property, the growth rate of net real estate value is close to 10.3%, and the proportion of net real estate value in the total household property is further increased
in recent years, the housing price is in a continuous growth trend. According to the survey data, the net value of real estate is also growing, which makes the families form the expectation of the continuous rise of housing prices. Although this kind of expectation has certain blindness, the investment decision-making of resident families is still mainly based on the past experience. Contrary to the real estate market, the financial market has strong volatility, which affects the asset allocation choice of households and makes them more inclined to real estate investment
there are group differences in financial investment
the survey results show that families with lower financial literacy are more likely to face higher investment risks, so they choose to stay away from financial investment. High income and high ecation groups usually have higher financial literacy, better understand the relevant financial knowledge and information, and they have higher income and assets. They can invest in financial assets on the basis of meeting the real estate and preventive needs, so the content of assets is more abundant, and they can make investment decisions more easily and obtain income from them
with the increase of disposable income, the net value of per capita real estate owned by families also graally increased. If the residents are divided into 10 equal groups according to their per capita disposable income, and then the differences of per capita real estate value in different income groups are investigated, it can be found that the net value of per capita real estate of the residents in the lowest equal group of per capita disposable income is only 41406.346 yuan; The net property value per capita of the households with the highest disposable income reached 441735.8 yuan, 10.66 times that of the households with the lowest disposable income. The per capita original value and per capita present value of real estate also show a trend of increasing with the increase of disposable income, and the balance and debt ratio of real estate also increase with the increase of per capita disposable income
in recent years, people have formed expectations for the rise of house prices in the future, and the assets allocated by families with different income levels are increasing. As high-income families have stronger purchasing power and financing ability, the real estate debt ratio and leverage ratio are also higher
with the improvement of income level and ecation background, the scale and structure of household financial assets present different characteristics. With the increase of income level, the per capita cash, current and time deposits of households have increased, and the increase is more and more large. The average cash, current and time deposits of the families with the highest disposable income per capita were 4.64 times and 3.86 times higher than those of the families with the lowest disposable income per capita. It is worth noting that with the increase of income level, the investment share of current and fixed deposits of residents continues to decline, while the investment proportion of savings insurance, treasury bonds, stocks, funds, futures, loans, other financial assets and foreign currency financial assets graally increases; With the improvement of ecational level, the proportion of current and fixed deposits held by families also shows a continuous downward trend
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