Position: Home page » Blockchain » Incentive mechanism for maintaining blockchain nodes
Incentive mechanism for maintaining blockchain nodes
Publish: 2021-05-18 23:06:40
1. Nodes are the places where the blocks are connected, and the blocks need to be chained to be useful
core analysis:
1. Transparency, 2. Openness, 3. Information can not be tampered with, 4. Decentralization,
5. Detailed analysis
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain interests between different nodes in the blockchain system
1. In a narrow sense, blockchain is a kind of chained data structure composed of data blocks connected in sequence according to the time sequence, and it can not be tampered with and forged by cryptography
2. Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses blockchain data structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithm to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method to program and operate data by using intelligent contract composed of automated script code.
core analysis:
1. Transparency, 2. Openness, 3. Information can not be tampered with, 4. Decentralization,
5. Detailed analysis
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain interests between different nodes in the blockchain system
1. In a narrow sense, blockchain is a kind of chained data structure composed of data blocks connected in sequence according to the time sequence, and it can not be tampered with and forged by cryptography
2. Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses blockchain data structure to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithm to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method to program and operate data by using intelligent contract composed of automated script code.
2. "A network-based computer processing technology, corresponding to centralized. As the performance of personal computer has been greatly improved and the popularity of its use, it is possible to distribute the processing power to all computers on the network. Distributed computing is a concept opposite to centralized computing. The data of distributed computing can be distributed in a large area
3. There are six hierarchical structures in the blockchain, which are from bottom to top: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer
1. Data layer
the data layer is the lowest layer in the six hierarchies of the blockchain. We can understand the data layer as a database, but for the blockchain, this database is a tamperable and distributed database, which is what we call "distributed ledger"
in the data layer, that is, the "distributed ledger", the data information on the blockchain is stored, and the blockchain structure, asymmetric encryption technology, hash algorithm and other technical means of the block are encapsulated to ensure the security of the data in the case of the whole network being open. The specific method is:
in the blockchain network, nodes use consensus algorithm to maintain the consistency of data layer (that is, the distributed database), and use asymmetric encryption and hash algorithm in cryptography to ensure the non usurpation and traceability of the distributed database
This constitutes the bottom data structure of blockchain technology. However, it is not enough to have a distributed database. We also need to let the data information in the database be shared and exchanged. Next, we will introce the upper layer of the data layer - the network layer
Second, network layer
the network system of blockchain is essentially a P2P (point-to-point) network. Point to point means that there is no need for an intermediate link or centralized server to control the system. All resources and services in the network are distributed in the hands of each node, and the transmission of information is also a direct communication between the two nodes. However, it should be noted that P2P
(peer-to-peer) was not invented by Nakamoto, and the blockchain only integrates this technology
therefore, the network layer of blockchain is actually a particularly powerful point-to-point network system. In this system, each node can not only proce information, but also receive information, just like sending e-mail. You can write your own e-mail, and you can also receive the e-mail sent to you by others
in the blockchain network, nodes need to jointly maintain the blockchain system. Every time a node creates a new block, it needs to notify other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block, and then create a new block on the basis of the block. In this way, the whole network can jointly maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system
however, what rules should the whole network follow to maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system? This involves the so-called "laws and regulations" (rules), which we will introce next: the consensus layer
Third, consensus layer
in the world of blockchain, consensus simply means that the whole network should maintain and update the general ledger of blockchain system according to a unified and agreed rule, which is similar to the rule of updating data. It is one of the core technologies of blockchain and the governance mechanism of blockchain community to let highly dispersed nodes reach consensus efficiently in the decentralized blockchain network
at present, the mainstream consensus mechanism algorithms include: proof of work of bitcoin (POW), proof of rights and interests of Ethereum (POS), proof of rights and interests of EOS (dpos), etc
we now introce the data layer, network layer and consensus layer. These three layers ensure that there are data, networks and rules for updating data on the network. However, there is no free lunch in the world. How can nodes actively participate in the maintenance of the blockchain system? Here is the incentive layer, which we will introce next: incentive layer< 4. Incentive layer
incentive layer is the so-called mining mechanism, which can be understood as incentive mechanism: you can get as much reward as you contribute to the blockchain system. With this incentive mechanism, the whole network nodes can be encouraged to participate in the data recording and maintenance on the blockchain
mining mechanism and consensus mechanism are actually the same truth. Consensus mechanism can be understood as the company's general rules and regulations, while mining mechanism can be understood as the reward rules for what you do well in the general rules and regulations
just like the consensus mechanism POW of bitcoin, it stipulates that more work pays more. Whoever can find the correct hash value first can get a certain amount of bitcoin reward
and Ethereum's POS stipulates that the older the holder is, the more likely he or she will be rewarded
it should be noted that the incentive layer is generally only available for the public chain, because the public chain must rely on the nodes of the whole network to jointly maintain data, so there must be a set of incentive mechanism to encourage the nodes of the whole network to participate in the construction and maintenance of the blockchain system, so as to ensure the security and reliability of the blockchain system
the blockchain is safe and reliable, and it is not intelligent enough, right? The contract layer we will introce next can make the blockchain system more intelligent
v. contract layer
Contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, which is the basis of block chain programming. What we call "smart contract" is at the contract level
if the bitcoin system is not intelligent enough, the "smart contract" proposed by Ethereum can meet many application scenarios. The principle of the contract layer is to embed the code into the blockchain system, in this way to realize the smart contract that can be customized. In this way, on the blockchain system, once the terms of the smart contract are triggered, the system can automatically execute commands< Finally, the application layer. The application layer is very simple. As the name suggests, it is a variety of application scenarios and cases of blockchain. What we now call "blockchain +" is the so-called application layer. At present, the blockchain applications that have been implemented are mainly various blockchain applications built on
eth, EOS and other public chains. There are more applications of gambling and games, and the real practical applications have not yet appeared.
1. Data layer
the data layer is the lowest layer in the six hierarchies of the blockchain. We can understand the data layer as a database, but for the blockchain, this database is a tamperable and distributed database, which is what we call "distributed ledger"
in the data layer, that is, the "distributed ledger", the data information on the blockchain is stored, and the blockchain structure, asymmetric encryption technology, hash algorithm and other technical means of the block are encapsulated to ensure the security of the data in the case of the whole network being open. The specific method is:
in the blockchain network, nodes use consensus algorithm to maintain the consistency of data layer (that is, the distributed database), and use asymmetric encryption and hash algorithm in cryptography to ensure the non usurpation and traceability of the distributed database
This constitutes the bottom data structure of blockchain technology. However, it is not enough to have a distributed database. We also need to let the data information in the database be shared and exchanged. Next, we will introce the upper layer of the data layer - the network layer
Second, network layer
the network system of blockchain is essentially a P2P (point-to-point) network. Point to point means that there is no need for an intermediate link or centralized server to control the system. All resources and services in the network are distributed in the hands of each node, and the transmission of information is also a direct communication between the two nodes. However, it should be noted that P2P
(peer-to-peer) was not invented by Nakamoto, and the blockchain only integrates this technology
therefore, the network layer of blockchain is actually a particularly powerful point-to-point network system. In this system, each node can not only proce information, but also receive information, just like sending e-mail. You can write your own e-mail, and you can also receive the e-mail sent to you by others
in the blockchain network, nodes need to jointly maintain the blockchain system. Every time a node creates a new block, it needs to notify other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block, and then create a new block on the basis of the block. In this way, the whole network can jointly maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system
however, what rules should the whole network follow to maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system? This involves the so-called "laws and regulations" (rules), which we will introce next: the consensus layer
Third, consensus layer
in the world of blockchain, consensus simply means that the whole network should maintain and update the general ledger of blockchain system according to a unified and agreed rule, which is similar to the rule of updating data. It is one of the core technologies of blockchain and the governance mechanism of blockchain community to let highly dispersed nodes reach consensus efficiently in the decentralized blockchain network
at present, the mainstream consensus mechanism algorithms include: proof of work of bitcoin (POW), proof of rights and interests of Ethereum (POS), proof of rights and interests of EOS (dpos), etc
we now introce the data layer, network layer and consensus layer. These three layers ensure that there are data, networks and rules for updating data on the network. However, there is no free lunch in the world. How can nodes actively participate in the maintenance of the blockchain system? Here is the incentive layer, which we will introce next: incentive layer< 4. Incentive layer
incentive layer is the so-called mining mechanism, which can be understood as incentive mechanism: you can get as much reward as you contribute to the blockchain system. With this incentive mechanism, the whole network nodes can be encouraged to participate in the data recording and maintenance on the blockchain
mining mechanism and consensus mechanism are actually the same truth. Consensus mechanism can be understood as the company's general rules and regulations, while mining mechanism can be understood as the reward rules for what you do well in the general rules and regulations
just like the consensus mechanism POW of bitcoin, it stipulates that more work pays more. Whoever can find the correct hash value first can get a certain amount of bitcoin reward
and Ethereum's POS stipulates that the older the holder is, the more likely he or she will be rewarded
it should be noted that the incentive layer is generally only available for the public chain, because the public chain must rely on the nodes of the whole network to jointly maintain data, so there must be a set of incentive mechanism to encourage the nodes of the whole network to participate in the construction and maintenance of the blockchain system, so as to ensure the security and reliability of the blockchain system
the blockchain is safe and reliable, and it is not intelligent enough, right? The contract layer we will introce next can make the blockchain system more intelligent
v. contract layer
Contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, which is the basis of block chain programming. What we call "smart contract" is at the contract level
if the bitcoin system is not intelligent enough, the "smart contract" proposed by Ethereum can meet many application scenarios. The principle of the contract layer is to embed the code into the blockchain system, in this way to realize the smart contract that can be customized. In this way, on the blockchain system, once the terms of the smart contract are triggered, the system can automatically execute commands< Finally, the application layer. The application layer is very simple. As the name suggests, it is a variety of application scenarios and cases of blockchain. What we now call "blockchain +" is the so-called application layer. At present, the blockchain applications that have been implemented are mainly various blockchain applications built on
eth, EOS and other public chains. There are more applications of gambling and games, and the real practical applications have not yet appeared.
4. The profit model of blockchain trading platform
1. Exchanges. Now there are 220 well-known transactions in the world, and about 2000 unknown ones
2. Mobile mining machine: the original mining machine, which costs money and energy, will be replaced by some online games, small videos and articles
3. Blockchain scenario Trading: the blockchain trading platform can be used not only in financial scenarios, but also in e-commerce trading scenarios, game mining scenarios
1. Exchanges. Now there are 220 well-known transactions in the world, and about 2000 unknown ones
2. Mobile mining machine: the original mining machine, which costs money and energy, will be replaced by some online games, small videos and articles
3. Blockchain scenario Trading: the blockchain trading platform can be used not only in financial scenarios, but also in e-commerce trading scenarios, game mining scenarios
5. The incentive layer mainly includes the issuance system and distribution system of economic incentive, whose function is to provide incentive measures, encourage nodes to participate in the security verification work in the blockchain, and bring economic factors into the blockchain technology system, encourage nodes who comply with the rules to participate in bookkeeping, and punish nodes who do not comply with the rules.
6. Mine pool refers to:
as the computing level of the whole bitcoin network continues to rise exponentially, a single device or a small amount of computing power can not get the block reward provided by bitcoin network
after the computing power of the whole network has been improved to a certain extent, the low probability of getting rewards has prompted some geeks on "bitcoin talk" to develop a method that can combine a small amount of computing power and operate jointly. The website established in this way is called "mine pool"
extended data:
the existence of the mine pool reces the difficulty of mining bitcoin and other virtual digital currencies, reces the threshold of mining, and truly realizes the concept of bitcoin mining that everyone can participate in
but its disadvantages are also very obvious, because computing power is connected to the mine pool. As a mine pool, it will have a huge amount of computing power resources. In the bitcoin world, computing power represents the bookkeeping right, and computing power is everything. If the computing power of a single mine pool reaches more than 50%, it will be easy to launch 51% attacks on bitcoin and other similar virtual digital currencies, The consequences are very terrible:
the mine pool can make the mine pool with 49% of the remaining computing power have no harvest, instantly quit the competition and go bankrupt. The mine pool's computing power exceeds 50%. If 51% attack is launched, it will easily occupy all the effective computing power of the whole network
source of reference: network mine pool
as the computing level of the whole bitcoin network continues to rise exponentially, a single device or a small amount of computing power can not get the block reward provided by bitcoin network
after the computing power of the whole network has been improved to a certain extent, the low probability of getting rewards has prompted some geeks on "bitcoin talk" to develop a method that can combine a small amount of computing power and operate jointly. The website established in this way is called "mine pool"
extended data:
the existence of the mine pool reces the difficulty of mining bitcoin and other virtual digital currencies, reces the threshold of mining, and truly realizes the concept of bitcoin mining that everyone can participate in
but its disadvantages are also very obvious, because computing power is connected to the mine pool. As a mine pool, it will have a huge amount of computing power resources. In the bitcoin world, computing power represents the bookkeeping right, and computing power is everything. If the computing power of a single mine pool reaches more than 50%, it will be easy to launch 51% attacks on bitcoin and other similar virtual digital currencies, The consequences are very terrible:
the mine pool can make the mine pool with 49% of the remaining computing power have no harvest, instantly quit the competition and go bankrupt. The mine pool's computing power exceeds 50%. If 51% attack is launched, it will easily occupy all the effective computing power of the whole network
source of reference: network mine pool
7. From the perspective of mechanism design, blockchain can be divided into three levels:
the first level is distributed network, which mainly solves the problem of point-to-point communication network and is also the foundation of blockchain
by establishing a set of cryptography account book system on top of point-to-point communication, we can move from point-to-point communication to point-to-point transaction, which is the second level of blockchain - distributed account book
adding new incentive mechanism and governance mechanism on the basis of distributed ledger is the third level of blockchain - public blockchain, such as bitcoin blockchain.
the first level is distributed network, which mainly solves the problem of point-to-point communication network and is also the foundation of blockchain
by establishing a set of cryptography account book system on top of point-to-point communication, we can move from point-to-point communication to point-to-point transaction, which is the second level of blockchain - distributed account book
adding new incentive mechanism and governance mechanism on the basis of distributed ledger is the third level of blockchain - public blockchain, such as bitcoin blockchain.
8. The current mainstream blockchain architecture includes six layers: network layer, data layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. The positions of data layer and network layer are exchanged in the figure, and the main uses will be described in the next section
network layer: blockchain network is essentially a P2P (peer-to-peer) network. The resources and services in the network are distributed on all nodes, and the information transmission and service implementation are directly carried out between nodes, without the intervention of intermediate links and servers. Each node not only receives information, but also generates information. Nodes synchronize information by maintaining a common blockchain. When a node creates a new block, it notifies other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block and create a new block on the basis of the block, So as to achieve the role of the whole network to jointly maintain a bottom ledger. Therefore, the network layer will involve the design of P2P network, propagation mechanism and verification mechanism. Obviously, these designs can affect the confirmation speed of block information. The network layer can be used as a research direction in the scalable scheme of blockchain technology
data layer: the underlying data of blockchain is a data structure of block + linked list, which includes data block, chain structure, timestamp, hash function, Merkle tree, asymmetric encryption, etc. Among them, data block and chain structure can be used as the improvement direction of data layer research in the extensible scheme of blockchain technology
consensus layer: it is the basis for highly dispersed nodes to reach a fast consensus on the effectiveness of block data. The main consensus mechanisms include pow (proof of work), POS (proof of stake), dpos (delegated proof of stake) and pbft (Practical Byzantine fault tolerance), They have always been the highlight of the scalable solution of blockchain technology
incentive layer: it is a common mining mechanism, which is used to design certain economic incentive model and encourage nodes to participate in the security verification of blockchain, including the design of issuance mechanism and allocation mechanism. Improvements at this level do not seem to be directly related to blockchain scalability
Contract layer: mainly refers to various script codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts. Strictly speaking, this layer of the first generation blockchain is missing, so they can only trade, and can not be used in other fields or other logical processing. The emergence of the contract layer makes it a reality to use blockchain in other fields. This part of Ethereum includes EVM (Ethereum virtual machine) and smart contract. The improvement of this level seems to provide a potential new direction for the scalability of the blockchain, but it does not seem to be directly related to the application layer in terms of structure
it is the display layer of the blockchain, including various application scenarios and cases. For example, Ethereum uses truffle and Web3 JS. The application layer of blockchain can be mobile terminal, Web terminal, or integrated into the existing server, taking the current business server as the application layer. The improvement of this level also seems to provide a potential new direction for the expansion of blockchain, but structurally, it doesn't seem to be directly related
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
network layer: blockchain network is essentially a P2P (peer-to-peer) network. The resources and services in the network are distributed on all nodes, and the information transmission and service implementation are directly carried out between nodes, without the intervention of intermediate links and servers. Each node not only receives information, but also generates information. Nodes synchronize information by maintaining a common blockchain. When a node creates a new block, it notifies other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block and create a new block on the basis of the block, So as to achieve the role of the whole network to jointly maintain a bottom ledger. Therefore, the network layer will involve the design of P2P network, propagation mechanism and verification mechanism. Obviously, these designs can affect the confirmation speed of block information. The network layer can be used as a research direction in the scalable scheme of blockchain technology
data layer: the underlying data of blockchain is a data structure of block + linked list, which includes data block, chain structure, timestamp, hash function, Merkle tree, asymmetric encryption, etc. Among them, data block and chain structure can be used as the improvement direction of data layer research in the extensible scheme of blockchain technology
consensus layer: it is the basis for highly dispersed nodes to reach a fast consensus on the effectiveness of block data. The main consensus mechanisms include pow (proof of work), POS (proof of stake), dpos (delegated proof of stake) and pbft (Practical Byzantine fault tolerance), They have always been the highlight of the scalable solution of blockchain technology
incentive layer: it is a common mining mechanism, which is used to design certain economic incentive model and encourage nodes to participate in the security verification of blockchain, including the design of issuance mechanism and allocation mechanism. Improvements at this level do not seem to be directly related to blockchain scalability
Contract layer: mainly refers to various script codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts. Strictly speaking, this layer of the first generation blockchain is missing, so they can only trade, and can not be used in other fields or other logical processing. The emergence of the contract layer makes it a reality to use blockchain in other fields. This part of Ethereum includes EVM (Ethereum virtual machine) and smart contract. The improvement of this level seems to provide a potential new direction for the scalability of the blockchain, but it does not seem to be directly related to the application layer in terms of structure
it is the display layer of the blockchain, including various application scenarios and cases. For example, Ethereum uses truffle and Web3 JS. The application layer of blockchain can be mobile terminal, Web terminal, or integrated into the existing server, taking the current business server as the application layer. The improvement of this level also seems to provide a potential new direction for the expansion of blockchain, but structurally, it doesn't seem to be directly related
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
Hot content