The principle of blockchain
bitcoin is equivalent to digital gold. As a generally recognized equivalent, gold naturally has monetary properties and has been regarded as a kind of currency since ancient times. Bitcoin was born in 2009 and created by a person named Nakamoto. As the earliest digital currency, it was worthless at the beginning of creation. Until 2017, the highest transaction price of bitcoin exceeded 30000 RMB. The reasons why bitcoin became a valuable digital currency are as follows:
first of all, it is like gold, as a natural mineral, The total amount of bitcoin is limited. Bitcoin can not be over issued according to its own algorithm, so there will be no rapid devaluation of currency e to excessive currency issuance. The number of bitcoin is controlled to no more than 21 million e to the algorithm, so it can not be issued in large quantities, so its value is guaranteed
If you want to understand the application of blockchain, you can refer to many books and opinions, such as illustrated blockchain, blockchain: reshaping the economy and the world, blueprint and guide of new economy, and articles of coin'an community, including a detailed understanding of the platform of coin'an community, with great strength
As the name suggests, blockchain is composed of block and chain. It is a new application mode of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and so on. It is a kind of chain data structure that combines data blocks in order according to the time sequence, and it is a secure and reliable distributed account book that can not be tampered with and forged by means of cryptographyin 2008, in his paper bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system published by Nakamoto, he first proposed the idea of blockchain and encrypted digital currency. Starting from bitcoin, blockchain has become the underlying technology of various digital currencies
Second, the working principle of blockchain:1. The basic concepts include: (1) transaction: one operation will change the account status once, such as adding a record 2) Block: records the transaction and status data within a specified time, which is a consensus and preservation of the current account status 3) Chain: it is composed of a series of blocks in chronological order, which is the log record of the whole state change. If you understand the working concept of blockchain, it is not difficult to understand its working principle. Suppose there is a distributed data logbook, which can only be added, not deleted or changed. Its structure is a linear chain formed by a series of "blocks" (which is also the source of the name of "blockchain"), and new data must be put into a new block to be added, The maintenance node can propose a new block, but it must go through a certain consensus mechanism to reach an agreement on the final selected block
2. Take bitcoin as an example to see the working principle of blockchain
the block of bitcoin is divided into block head and block body
Core advantages and characteristics of blockchain1. The verification, accounting, storage, maintenance and transmission of decentralized blockchain data are all based on distributed system structure. There is no centralized hardware or management organization, and the rights and obligations of any node are equal, The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system. 2. The open and transparent system is open. In addition to the private information of all parties to the transaction is encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to all. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent. 3. Security blockchain uses consensus based specifications and Protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the whole system to exchange data freely and safely in a de trusted environment, so that the trust in "people" is changed into the trust in machines, and any human intervention does not work. 4. Information cannot be tampered with. Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% (almost impossible) nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid. Therefore, the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high. 5. Anonymity because the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, and its data interaction does not need trust (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is effective or not). Therefore, the counterparties do not need to let the counterparties generate their own trust by disclosing their identities, which is very helpful for credit accumulation
At present, the most popular classification of blockchain is to divide blockchain into public blockchain, private blockchain and consortium blockchain according to different participants1. Public chain: anyone can participate in the use and maintenance, and can obtain the effective confirmation of the blockchain. Public chain is the earliest blockchain and the most widely used blockchain at present, such as bitcoin blockchain. The information is completely public
if the licensing mechanism is introced, it includes private chain and alliance chain. 2. Private chain: a company or indivial only uses the blockchain technology, enjoys the exclusive write permission of the blockchain, and does not disclose the information. At present, conservative giants (traditional finance) want to experiment with private blockchain, and the application procts of private blockchain are still groping. 3. Alliance chain: it is a blockchain between the public chain and the existing chain, which is jointly controlled by multiple organizations. The use of the chain is managed with authority, which can be controlled by the manager, and also open to others according to the manager's wishes. In addition, according to the different use scenarios and purposes of blockchain, it can be divided into currency chain for the purpose of digital currency, property chain for the purpose of recording property rights, and crowdfunding chain for the purpose of crowdfunding
On May 28, Ma Huateng, CEO of Tencent, proposed the anti-counterfeiting method based on cloud integrated blockchain technology, which is far more efficient than traditional anti-counterfeiting methods. The future anti-counterfeiting verification scenario may only require users to use their mobile phones for simple scanning, and a large number of complete information based on different dimensions can be obtainedtake Maotai liquor as an example:
distillery address, proction workshop, operation staff, inspector, delivery time, transportation vehicle information and driver information,
liquor year, raw material source, raw material supplier, storage warehouse number, raw material transportation vehicle and driver information,
all information can be accurately traced, permanently recorded and tampered with
the above information can be easily verified
2. Food safety issues as early as last November, Wal Mart has cooperated with IBM to track the source of food by using blockchain technology, so as to ensure the safety of food and increase the circulation of food to rece costs. For Wal Mart and other large supermarkets, it took a few days to investigate the source of problem food, After using this technology, only one item of proct information is needed to achieve accurate traceability, and important information such as food origin, inspector, supplier, logistics and transportation can quickly find problems in a few minutes. Currently, procts tracked by blockchain include packaging procts from the United States and pork from China
3. Information security
blockchain technology is promoting an information security technology revolution. (1) identity protection PKI is a common public key encryption technology in e-mail, message application, website and other communication applications. However, since the implementation of most PKI, the centralized trusted third party certification authority (CA) is used to issue, activate and store user certificates. Hackers can attack PKI to fake user identity or crack encrypted information
certcoin is the first PKI implementation of blockchain, which comes from MIT, removes the centralized authentication center, and uses blockchain as a distributed ledger for domain name and public key
pomcor company: blockchain PKI implementation path: keep the authentication center, and use blockchain to store the hash value of issued and activated certificates. Users can verify the authenticity of certificates through decentralized and transparent sources, and can also improve the network access performance through local authentication of secret key and signature based on blockchain
(2) data integrity protection
guardtime developed a secret key free signature architecture (Ksi) based on blockchain technology to replace the secret key based data authentication technology. Ksi stores the hash table of the original data and files on the blockchain, runs the hash algorithm to verify other copies, and compares the results with the data stored in the blockchain. Any data tampering will be found quickly because the original hash table is stored in millions of nodes
(3) key infrastructure protection
the "Achilles heel" of the Internet, DDoS has entered the TB era, DDoS is still the simplest weapon for hackers to bring down the big target with low cost, DNS service is the primary target for hackers to carry out large-scale destruction, but blockchain technology is expected to fundamentally solve the problem
The distributed storage ofblockchain makes hacker attacks lose focus. Nebulis is developing a distributed DNS system, which uses Ethereum blockchain and interstellar Internet file system (IPFs, the distributed substitute of HTTP) to register and resolve domain names. The biggest weakness of DNS is caching, which makes DDoS attacks possible. It is also the bane of the centralized government's censorship of social networks and manipulation of DNS registration. A highly transparent and distributed DNS system can effectively prevent any entity, including the government, from arbitrarily manipulating records
(1) digital currency: improve the convenience of currency issuance and use, such as bitcoin and Ethernet in foreign countries, and guorenbao in Chinafrom the use of physical transactions, to physical currency and credit currency, and then to the rise of bitcoin network, more and more people are aware of the distributed ledger blockchain technology behind it, and graally apply it in many scenarios other than digital currency
(2) cross border payment and settlement: realize point-to-point transaction, rece intermediate fees
transfer and payment. At present, the most mature application of blockchain technology is payment and transfer. Blockchain technology can avoid complicated systems, save the process of inter-bank reconciliation and review, and accelerate the settlement speed; Virtual currency can rece transaction costs without the intervention of clearing house. Different countries have different clearing proceres. It takes two or three days for a single remittance to arrive, which is inefficient and accounts for a large proportion of funds in transit. No longer through the third party, through the blockchain technology to form point-to-point payment. By eliminating the link of the third-party institutions, we can make full day payment, real-time payment, withdraw cash quickly and rece the hidden cost, which helps to avoid the capital risk. It is timely and convenient
(3) bills and supply chain financial business: rece human intervention, rece costs and operational risksvalue transfer between point-to-point, control and verify physical bills or central system; Intermediaries will be eliminated and human intervention reced. With the improvement of efficiency, financing channels are more unblocked, risks are lower, and multiple parties benefit
(4) securities issuance and Trading: realize quasi real-time asset transfer, accelerate the speed of transaction clearing
the application of blockchain technology can make the process of securities trading more concise, transparent and fast, rece the plication of IT system, and improve the efficiency of market operation. For stocks, blockchain can eliminate paper and pen or electronic form records, rece human errors in trading, and improve the transparency and traceability of trading platform. Citigroup and Nasdaq cooperate to promote blockchain applications
(5) customer credit investigation and anti fraud: rece the cost of legal compliance, prevent financial crimes
the customer information and transaction records recorded in the blockchain help banks identify abnormal transactions and effectively prevent fraud. The technical characteristics of blockchain can change the existing credit reference system, and store the data of customers with bad records in the blockchain when the bank concts "know your customer" (KYC)
equity crowdfunding:
The price of a bitcoin soared from more than $20000 to $40000. This can not help but arouse my research interest, or simply understand what bitcoin is, what its mechanism looks like, and uncover its mystery. Therefore, after a simple search of some information and some understanding of the special currency, I sorted out the information on hand< (3) purpose: decentralize, rece risk
all servers in the distributed network can store and process data, and each server has equal status, which can store more data and has higher security<
this is the general content of popular science. If you want to know more about it, you can take a look at Nakamoto's paper and the official popular science video below
blockchain has four core technologies. The first one is block + chain, which is the most core and basic technology in blockchain. The second core technology is distributed structure. The ingenious design of blockchain structure is to let every node participating in data transaction record and store all data. The third core technology is asymmetric encryption algorithm, and the fourth core technology is script, which can be understood as a programmable smart contract.
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin, which is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of bitcoin. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography. Each data block contains the information of a bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
blockchain is public on the network and can be queried in every offline bitcoin wallet data. The function of bitcoin wallet depends on the confirmation with the blockchain. An effective inspection is called a confirmation. Usually, a transaction needs to obtain several confirmations. The lightweight bitcoin wallet uses online confirmation, that is, it will not download the blockchain data to the device storage
many of bitcoin's competitors also use the same design, but the workload proof and algorithm are slightly different. For example, the use of proof of interest and scrypt and so on
in addition, digital cryptocurrencies such as Laite coin, Ethereum, Weimeng coin, doggy coin and Ruitai coin also use blockchain technology.
Seeing some answers to the debate on the definition of blockchain, I suddenly realize that my answer to this explanation principle has always been directed at bitcoin. There is no specific and unique answer in the instry between the definition of blockchain. Here I first summarize the characteristics of "blockchain" according to the papers I read:
1; Hash chain & quot There are several nodes participating in the system operation (distributed)
3. Reach a consensus on the consistency of basic data (consensus agreement / algorithm) through a certain protocol or algorithm
since bitcoin is currently one of the most typical and influential applications of blockchain, it will be much easier to understand how bitcoin uses blockchain before understanding other forms of blockchain applications
according to the classification of cryptogames, hot potato, Collectible transaction, spinach and Ponzi are the main game playing methods among the online blockchain games. The most popular games are hot potato games, including two popular games recently - cryptocelebrities and cryptocountries. There are 35 collections and transactions, ranking second, mainly represented by cryptokitties. Spinach and Ponzi are 17, ranking third, with etherroll and etheremon as the star procts
blockchain games also use a variety of themes, from cats, dogs, dragons, pigs and other animals to people, cars, countries, teams and so on
blockchain game 1.0 era
time: November to December 2017
main playing method: Collection + transaction
representative works: cryptokitties, cryptopunks
blockchain technology gives uniqueness to players' digital assets. This graally leads to the concept of NFT (non fungible tokens). The uniqueness and scarcity of people's assets in blockchain games will not change with the game itself. The concept was first applied by cryptopunks, which was launched by larva labs in June of 17. The system randomly generates 10000 punk avatars, which are put on Ethereum through smart contracts and distributed to players for free for trading
when axiom Zen studio added attributes, reproction and auction functions to NFT, cryptokitties was born. People can buy kittens with different attributes, breed with other cats, or sell their own cats through Dutch auction. Kittens with rare and unique genes are wildly sought after by people, and they get a high premium
people continue to develop on the basis of cryptokitties, adding accessories and combat functions, as well as gold digging, feeding, and looting
blockchain game 2.0 era
time: December 2017 to January 2018
main play method: Ponzi like
masterpiece: etheremon
at the beginning, etheremon's play method was very simple and crude. After a player bought a pet, as long as someone bought the same pet, the player could get a small part of eth reward. The game team quickly made a profit of about 2000 eth in a week. Then completely change the way of play, successfully transformed into a collection + combat game. This kind of Ponzi like game was quickly imitated by other manufacturers, and many imitators such as ethertanks and ethertanks appeared<
blockchain game 3.0 era
time: January 2018
main play method: fixed price, forced price hot potato mode
representative works: cryptocelebrities, cryptocountries
players buy encryption celebrities (Nakamoto, musk, etc.) and encryption countries (Japan, the United States, etc.), e to the uniqueness of assets, Subsequent players can only buy from asset owners at a higher price. The price is forced to rise, and the platform earns part of the price difference. At present, the country with the highest price is Japan, about 700 eth, and the most expensive celebrity is Elon Musk, who is worth about 200 eth
blockchain game 4.0 era
time: February 2018
main playing methods: combination of multiple mechanisms
representative works: world.mycollect, cryptocities
in the game, multi-level sales and sharing, player exploration (randomness), lottery, resource uniqueness and other playing methods are adopted. In cryptocities, for example, players can buy countries, continents and the world to "conquer.". The player who conquers the world can get 1% of the transaction volume of the continent and the country, and the player who conquers the continent can get 1% of the transaction volume of the country. In the future, players who conquer the country can get 1% of the transaction value of their subordinate cities. When exploring a new city, players have a chance to explore gems and get eth rewards
at the same time, spinach games also emerged. The high transparency of blockchains makes it easier for them to gain the trust of investors. The more famous ones are etheroll and vdice. They play simply and rudely. Players spend a certain amount of eth to bet on a certain number. When the number randomly generated by the system is less than that number, they can get profits
in addition, there are RPG (ethercraft), battle games (etherbots) and binary (ethermeng king), etc
2
advantages and disadvantages of blockchain games
throughout these successful cases, we find that blockchain games do have unique advantages:
high degree of trust: trust is quickly established through open source contracts, the use process is completely transparent, and the information is completely symmetrical. Fairness: data can not be tampered with and rules will never change. Assets belong to indivial players: Players' assets will not be lost with the decline of the game. Strong community attribute: blockchain itself has strong transaction and community attributes
of course, the current blockchain game is also in its infancy, with obvious disadvantages:
unable to interact in time: there are uncertain waiting time and congestion in blockchain transactions, so it is difficult to form timely interaction between players. The cost of sending instructions is high: every time the instructions are sent, gas will be consumed, while the price of eth still makes the cost of gas relatively high. Immature development environment: at present, Ethereum's virtual machine and programming language solidness are the most mature development environment in many public chains. But compared with other popular languages, it is still very immature
3
Gamification will boost the implementation of blockchain
in traditional desktop online games, manufacturers constantly encourage new players, leading to inflation, and the real value of all assets of a game account is often far lower than the players' investment. After the emergence of mobile games, the mode of props binding account and account binding ID card soon became popular. This also makes once the player decides to leave a game, he must give up all the virtual assets in the game. The emergence and continuous maturity of blockchain technology will make the decentralized formulation of game rules and decentralized storage of virtual assets technically feasible. The convenience of virtual assets on the chain also makes the blockchain easier to land in the game scene
cryptogames believes that the development direction of blockchain games, or the development direction of classic games (like basketball, football and chess, once the rules are determined, they will last forever), It must be "decentralized":
the rules are determined by the players through negotiation, and the players supervise each other to ensure that the game is carried out according to the rules. All the props used in the game are owned by the players themselves. If someone breaks the rules or is not happy with the game, they can go away directly. There is no centralized organizer in the game itself.
the popularity of cryptokitties has greatly promoted private wallet, Blockchain game, as an early application of blockchain, has rapidly promoted the popularity of blockchain. Similarly, the use of game development experience and game design concept to develop a game