What does toiik mean in blockchain

1.

The strict definition of blockchain refers to the distributed database technology that multiple nodes in peer-to-peer network jointly maintain a continuously growing list ledger constructed by time stamp and orderly record data blocks through consensus mechanism based on cryptography technology. This technical solution allows any number of nodes in the participating system to calculate and record all the information exchange data in the system in a period of time to a data block through cryptography algorithm, and generate the fingerprint of the data block for linking the next data block and checking. All participating nodes in the system jointly determine whether the record is true

blockchain is a technical solution similar to NoSQL (non relational database). It is not a specific technology, and can be implemented through many programming languages and architectures. There are many ways to realize blockchain, including pow (proof of work), POS (proof of stake), dpos (delegate proof of stake), etc

the concept of blockchain was first proposed in the paper "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system" by indivials (or groups) who call themselves Satoshi Nakamoto. Therefore, bitcoin can be regarded as the first application of blockchain in the field of financial payment

< H2 > [popular explanation]

no matter how big the system or how small the website is, there is a database behind it. So who will maintain this database? In general, who is responsible for the operation of the network or system, then who is responsible for the maintenance. If it is wechat database, it must be maintained by Tencent team, and Taobao database is maintained by Alibaba team. We must think that this way is natural, but blockchain technology is not

if we think of the database as a book, for example, Alipay is a typical account book. Any change of data is bookkeeping. We can think of database maintenance as a very simple way of accounting. In the world of blockchain, everyone in the blockchain system has the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. The system will select the fastest and best bookkeeper in a period of time, maybe within ten seconds or ten minutes. The bookkeeper will record the changes of the database and the account book in a block. We can think of this block as a page. After the system confirms that the records are correct, the system will record the changes of the database and the account book in a block, It will link the fingerprint of the past account book to this paper, and then send this paper to everyone else in the whole system. Then, over and over again, the system will look for the next person with fast and good bookkeeping, and everyone else in the system will get a of the whole ledger. This means that everyone as like as two peas in the system is called Blockchain. It is also called distributed account technology. P>

as like as two peas (computer) have identical accounting books, and everyone has the same rights, they will not collapse e to the loss of contact or downtime of a single person. As like as two peas, the data is transparent and everyone can see what changes are in every account. Its very interesting feature is that the data can't be tampered with. Because the system will automatically compare, it will think that the same number of books with the largest number are real books, and a small number of books with different numbers are false books. In this case, it's meaningless for anyone to tamper with his own account book, because unless you can tamper with most nodes in the whole system. If there are only five or ten nodes in the whole system, it may be easy to do so. However, if there are tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of nodes and they are distributed in any corner of the Internet, unless someone can control most computers in the world, it is unlikely to tamper with such a large block chain

< H2 > [elements]

combined with the definition of blockchain, we think that we must have the following four elements to be called public blockchain technology. If we only have the first three elements, we will consider it as private blockchain Technology (private chain)

1, peer-to-peer network (power equivalence, physical point-to-point connection)

2, verifiable data structure (verifiable PKC system, non tampering database)

3, distributed consensus mechanism (Solving Byzantine general problem, solving double payment)

4 Game design of Nash equilibrium (cooperation is the strategy of evolutionary stability)

< H2 > [Characteristics]

combined with the definition of blockchain, blockchain will realize four main characteristics: decentralized, trustless, collective maintenance and reliable database. And the other two will be derived from the four characteristics  Features: open source  Privacy. If a system does not have these characteristics, it can not be regarded as an application based on blockchain technology

Decentralized: there is no centralized hardware or management organization in the whole network. The rights and obligations of any node are equal, and the damage or loss of any node will not affect the operation of the whole system. Therefore, it can also be considered that the blockchain system has excellent robustness

trustworthiness: there is no need to trust each other when participating in the data exchange between each node in the whole system. The operation rules of the whole system are open and transparent, and all data contents are also open. Therefore, within the specified rule range and time range of the system, nodes cannot and cannot cheat other nodes

collective maintenance: the data blocks in the system are maintained by all the nodes with maintenance function in the whole system, and these nodes with maintenance function can be participated by anyone

reliable database: the whole system will enable each participating node to obtain a of the complete database in the form of sub databases. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the whole system can be controlled at the same time, the modification of the database on a single node is invalid, and the data content on other nodes cannot be affected. Therefore, the more nodes and computing power in the system, the higher the data security in the system

Open Source: since the operation rules of the whole system must be open and transparent, the whole system must be open source for the program

Privacy Protection: since there is no need to trust each other between nodes, there is no need to disclose the identity between nodes, and the privacy of each participating node in the system is protected

2. Madame Curie is a great physicist. She was born in Poland and her real name is Mary. Because she married Pierre Curie, a young French scholar, she was later known as Madame Curie. Together with her husband, she discovered and confirmed the existence of radium. Now we want to tell you how the Curies discovered radium< In 1898, French physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium bearing minerals can emit a mysterious ray, but he failed to reveal the mystery of this ray. Mary and her husband, Pierre Curie, worked together on the radiation. Under extremely difficult conditions, they separated and analyzed pitchblende, and finally found two new elements in July and December 1898

in memory of her motherland Poland, she named one element polonium and the other radium, which means "radioactive substance". In order to prepare pure radium compound, Marie cui7e (1867-1934) spent four years to extract 10 mg radium chloride from tons of pitchblende slag, and the relative atomic mass of radium was 225. This simple figure embodies the painstaking efforts and sweat of the Curies< In June 1903, Madame Curie received her doctor's degree in physics from the University of Paris with her doctoral dissertation in the study of radioactive substances. In November of the same year, the Curies were awarded the David gold medal by the Royal Society. In December, they won the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics with becoller< In 1906, Pierre Curie died in a car accident. This heavy blow did not make her give up her persistent pursuit. She enred her grief and redoubled her efforts to complete their beloved scientific cause. She continued her husband's lecture at the University of Paris and became the first female professor of the University. In 1910, her famous book on radioactivity was published. With Mou, she worked with others to analyze pure metal radium and determine its properties. She also measured the half lives of oxygen and other elements and published a series of important works on radioactivity. In view of the above achievements, she won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1911 and became the first great scientist to win the Nobel Prize twice in history<

the founder of radiation science, who has experienced the joys and sorrows of science, died of malignant anemia (leukemia) on July 4, 1934 e to years of hard work. She has dedicated her glorious life to the scientific cause of mankind< Before the Curie couple discovered radium, it was just known that there is a rare metal called uranium, which can emit penetrating rays, that is, X-rays. When Madame Curie knew the news, she immediately thought that there might be other substances with similar radioactivity as uranium. In order to confirm this conjecture, they began to do experiments

Mr. and Mrs. Curie have a small laboratory transformed from a storage room. This laboratory has no floor. It is cold in winter and hot in summer. There is only a stove with a broken chimney, four benches with uneven length and a worn-out blackboard in the room. They started their hard work in this laboratory

Mary observed a kind of pitchblende with instruments, and she thought that there was another element with stronger radioactivity in it, which was a new element that had not been found yet. She and her husband decided to find this element. They first called this new element "radium". To prove the existence of radium, they had to extract it from pitchblende. In order to save money, they didn't buy expensive pitchblende, they just bought a lot of pitchblende resie that has been refined uranium. There is a special refining equipment in the yard, but it has to withstand the hot sun in summer and freeze stiff in winter. In case of heavy rain, the two people have to move the machine to the house in a hurry

Mary and her husband devoted themselves to their work. Every day, they wear work clothes covered with lime and soil, stained with various liquids, watch the boiling minerals in the pot, and constantly stir them with iron bars in their hands. Soot and poisonous gas irritated their eyes and throat, making them very uncomfortable. This kind of work is arous and monotonous. In this way, it continues for one, two or three years, but radium still does not appear< However, Madame Curie said, "no, I will never give up. I believe we will succeed." They imagine that radium will have a beautiful color. When they are tired of work, they will sit together and talk about this new element radium, which makes them excited and excited
finally one day, radium, which Mary and Pierre thought about day after day, appeared

that night, when they got home, they couldn't sleep. Madame Curie felt a kind of uneasiness in her heart, so she stood up, took her husband and said, "go, shall we go there?"

"there" is their laboratory. They rushed to the laboratory in the moonlight, as if they heard radium calling them gently

the couple walked down the street, past factories, open spaces, past a residential area, and finally walked into their small laboratory< After the door was opened, Mary said softly, "honey, don't light the light! Don't we want radium to have a beautiful color? " Pierre nodded. "Well, let's see."

the room is dark. In the dark, there is a kind of glowing blue light. It jumps in the dark, like a firefly at night. Mary looked at the beautiful blue light and clenched Pierre's hand with excitement. She knew that they had succeeded. This beautiful light was the light from the mysterious element radium
after four years, the Curies overcame difficulties and confirmed the existence of radium. Many scientists didn't believe in radium, but now they have to admit it. They expressed their admiration for the Curies.

3. Currency circle: refers to the people who focus on currency speculation and even issue their own digital currency for financing. Generally speaking, blockchain project parties, exchanges and some blockchain media all belong to the currency circle
chain circle: refers to people who focus on the research and development, application or underlying protocol of blockchain. Without the technical support of the chain circle, the coin circle can not exist. In the future, the implementation of the blockchain scene will depend on the technology of the chain circle. With the popularity of blockchain technology, many related top domain names have been registered

mining circle: refers to the "miners" who focus on "mining"

currency speculation: refers to the behavior of repeatedly buying and selling digital currency through the trading platform in order to obtain high income

suoha: it's a transliteration of show hand in English. It was originally a term in gambling games. It's the act of withdrawing all the available chips in hand at one time. When it comes to blockchain investment, it refers to investing all of your available assets in digital currency in order to speculate in money, which has the meaning of "bet your fortune"

Buddhist holding of cryptocurrency: refers to the behavior of not caring about the price trend of cryptocurrency after holding of cryptocurrency, no matter how much the asset price of cryptocurrency falls, it will not rece the holding of cryptocurrency in hand.