How to expand blockchain

1. In many cases of blockchain commercial application, we can always see the word baas. Baas is the abbreviation of blockchain as a service, which is translated into "blockchain as a service" in Chinese. So what is blockchain as a service baas? With this question, we will follow Xiao Wang of Renren blockchain technology team to discuss it carefully
according to Xiao Wang, the concept of blockchain as a service (baas) is mainly proposed by Microsoft and IBM. To put it bluntly, it is actually a new type of cloud service, a cloud service combined with blockchain technology. For example, Microsoft's azure cloud computing platform and IBM's bluemix garage cloud platform all provide blockchain as a service baas
blockchain as a service (baas) is a space created by enterprises such as Microsoft and IBM from their own cloud service network to run a blockchain node. Compared with ordinary nodes and exchange nodes, the main purpose of baas nodes is to quickly establish the development environment they need, and provide a series of operation services based on blockchain, such as search query, transaction submission, data analysis, etc. these services can be centralized or decentralized to help developers verify their concepts and models faster. The service of baas node is reflected in: it is more instrumental and easy to create, deploy, run and monitor blockchain.

2.

In recent years, the impact of black technology AI can be described as wave after wave. From dark blue to alphago, people have repeatedly exclaimed at the subtlety of technology and the powerful learning ability of AI

so how will AI combine with blockchain, and what breakthroughs and innovations will it bring

let's look at the evolution of blockchain. From blockchain 1.0 marked by BTC to blockchain 2.0 marked by Ethereum and combined with "smart contract", to blockchain 3.0 marked by EOS with stronger expansibility

as far as BTC is concerned, its function is single. For users, it is nothing more than mining and transfer. So we have an upgraded eth

eth provides a development platform for users to write smart contract publishing applications, but its performance is insufficient and the handling fee is expensive. This is bm's EOS

one of the main reasons why EOS can get people's attention quickly is that it has stronger scalability than Ethereum. It's stable and secure, but "super node power leads to insufficient decentralization" is no more decentralized than eth. In other words, in order to achieve fast enough data processing, it makes a compromise on the degree of decentralization. Then Velas appeared

based on the characteristics of EOS, Velas uses AI to enhance and realize decentralization. By introcing AI (Artificial Intelligence) into the blockchain technology, it solves the disadvantages brought by the rule of man, and automatically adjusts the system through AI to proce the best results without affecting the processing standards of the system, thus recing the cost of consensus

"AI is technological innovation, blockchain is institutional innovation"

3.

If bitcoin represents blockchain version 1.0, it proves to the world that digital currency can be realized. Then Ethereum represents blockchain version 2.0, which lets you know more about the play of blockchain, decentralized applications and smart contracts. In 2018, blockchain will enter the stage of 3.0, application and scenario landing will be the core of blockchain, and blockchain based applications in various instries will spring up, which will be the early dividend period of the last stage of blockchain development. The demand for talents driven by the application of blockchain technology has become increasingly large. Blockchain technical talents have become the new professional talents, which are highly competitive, and also have enviable high salaries

whether to form a meaningful large-scale consensus: one of the outstanding advantages of blockchain is that it can effectively form a large-scale consensus by opening account books and notifying the whole network. At present, there is no need to form a network wide consensus for many projects. Some projects are just for crowdfunding and token issuance. The blockchain consensus of projects is meaningless. Does this model have network effect: network effect means that a project will become more and more valuable with more and more users of the project, because the value of the project is not in the users themselves, but in the connection network between users. Bitcoin is a typical example. The more user nodes there are, the more links between nodes will grow exponentially, and the whole ecosystem of bitcoin will be more valuable

of course, in addition to these points, there are many basic principles to judge the project, such as effective incentive mechanism, strong team, project solving pain points, and so on

4. yes. In 2017, the size of the capacity hit this "invisible wall.". Soaring costs have made bitcoin unreliable. Some users can't confirm their transactions even after waiting for many days. Bitcoin stopped growing. Many users, businesses, enterprises and investors have abandoned bitcoin. Its market share in many virtual currencies also dropped rapidly from 95% to 40%.

5. It is commonly known as "neighborhood committee", which can be handled by "social workers" or community centers.

6. Capacity expansion is a means that when a container or load is not enough to support or carry the demand of existing things, we can expand the capacity of the container or load to meet the growing demand, so as to relieve the pressure on the current container or load
at the beginning of the birth of bitcoin, Ben Cong, the founder of bitcoin, did not deliberately limit the block size. The maximum block size was 32MB, and the average block size was 1-2kb at that time
at that time, there are few bitcoin users and the transaction volume is not so large, which will not cause block congestion. However, since 2013, with the price of bitcoin rising sharply, there are more and more users, resulting in network congestion of bitcoin and rising transaction costs of users
up to now, there is a backlog of hundreds of thousands of transactions on the bitcoin blockchain. The average transaction cost of bitcoin is 376 times higher than that in September 2010. The processing speed of seven transactions per second has obviously been unable to meet the needs of users. The bitcoin community has begun to explore how to "expand the capacity" of bitcoin
by modifying the underlying code of bitcoin, the transaction processing capacity can be improved
there are two development and design schemes for bitcoin expansion, namely, the first layer and the second layer expansion technology
· the first layer of capacity expansion technology is to improve the blockchain itself, to make the blockchain itself faster and larger. Generally speaking, it is to change the content of the consensus part of the blockchain
· the purpose of the second layer expansion technology is to move the computing to the lower chain, that is, to solve the problem through the side chain technology
expansion protocol and outcome
expansion protocol generally needs the support of miners, which can be roughly divided into modifying block size, soft fork, hard fork, isolation witness and so on
take bitcoin as an example:
bitcoin is now divided into big block bitcoin cash (BCH) and isolation witness. Isolated witness is now recognized as bitcoin in the market, while big block coin is named bitcash. It can be predicted that in the future, bitcoin will focus on off chain trading. Including lightning network and side chain. These two new things are not mature at present, but they are highly expected by many people
bitcoin will develop a large number of isolated witness transactions and make more derivative technologies on the basis of isolated witness. Most likely, bitcoin will be pushed forward by technology
bitcash will focus on the development of monetary function, rece transaction friction as the main way, and gain more extensive users on the chain as the main development direction
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.

7. The English full name of alot is "artificial intelligence & Internet of things". Broadly speaking, it refers to the integration of artificial intelligence technology and Internet of things in practical application. However, with the arrival of 5g wave, the connotation of "alot" has become increasingly rich. Aiot is not a simple AI + IOT, but the application of artificial intelligence, Internet of things and other technologies, based on big data and cloud computing, with semiconctor as the algorithm carrier, with network security technology as the implementation guarantee, with 5g as the catalyst, to integrate data, knowledge and intelligence
5g, AI and other emerging technologies will fully break out in 2019, enabling more and more application scenarios such as autonomous driving, urban brain, AI pension, medical imaging to step down from the "altar" and enter our lives. 5g has the characteristics of high speed, large capacity and low delay, which brings more efficient information transmission channel for IOT. It has broad prospects in smart home, Internet of vehicles, driverless, smart city, smart medical care, smart countryside and other fields. The blessing of AI technology provides IOT with a more intelligent information collection portal and richer application scenarios. AI can bring a relatively isolated device into the scene, which can greatly improve the response space of IOT.

8. The current mainstream blockchain architecture includes six layers: network layer, data layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. The positions of data layer and network layer are exchanged in the figure, and the main uses will be described in the next section
network layer: blockchain network is essentially a P2P (peer-to-peer) network. The resources and services in the network are distributed on all nodes, and the information transmission and service implementation are directly carried out between nodes, without the intervention of intermediate links and servers. Each node not only receives information, but also generates information. Nodes synchronize information by maintaining a common blockchain. When a node creates a new block, it notifies other nodes in the form of broadcast. After receiving the information, other nodes verify the block and create a new block on the basis of the block, So as to achieve the role of the whole network to jointly maintain a bottom ledger. Therefore, the network layer will involve the design of P2P network, propagation mechanism and verification mechanism. Obviously, these designs can affect the confirmation speed of block information. The network layer can be used as a research direction in the scalable scheme of blockchain technology
data layer: the underlying data of blockchain is a data structure of block + linked list, which includes data block, chain structure, timestamp, hash function, Merkle tree, asymmetric encryption, etc. Among them, data block and chain structure can be used as the improvement direction of data layer research in the extensible scheme of blockchain technology
consensus layer: it is the basis for highly dispersed nodes to reach a fast consensus on the effectiveness of block data. The main consensus mechanisms include pow (proof of work), POS (proof of stake), dpos (delegated proof of stake) and pbft (Practical Byzantine fault tolerance), They have always been the highlight of the scalable solution of blockchain technology
incentive layer: it is a common mining mechanism, which is used to design certain economic incentive model and encourage nodes to participate in the security verification of blockchain, including the design of issuance mechanism and allocation mechanism. Improvements at this level do not seem to be directly related to blockchain scalability
Contract layer: mainly refers to various script codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts. Strictly speaking, this layer of the first generation blockchain is missing, so they can only trade, and can not be used in other fields or other logical processing. The emergence of the contract layer makes it a reality to use blockchain in other fields. This part of Ethereum includes EVM (Ethereum virtual machine) and smart contract. The improvement of this level seems to provide a potential new direction for the scalability of the blockchain, but it does not seem to be directly related to the application layer in terms of structure
it is the display layer of the blockchain, including various application scenarios and cases. For example, Ethereum uses truffle and Web3 JS. The application layer of blockchain can be mobile terminal, Web terminal, or integrated into the existing server, taking the current business server as the application layer. The improvement of this level also seems to provide a potential new direction for the expansion of blockchain, but structurally, it doesn't seem to be directly related
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.