The nature of bitcoin

3.

Bitcoin is a kind of electronic currency / network virtual currency

bitcoin: also known as "bitcoin", is a kind of network virtual currency. Internet users can use bitcoin to buy some virtual goods, such as clothes, hats, equipment, etc. in online games. Internet users can also use bitcoin to buy real goods

on February 26, 2014, Joe Manchin, a Democratic senator from West Virginia, issued an open letter to a number of regulatory authorities of the US federal government, hoping that the relevant authorities would pay attention to the status quo of bitcoin's encouraging illegal activities and disrupting the financial order, and demanded that actions be taken as soon as possible to completely ban the electronic currency

from 12:00 noon on January 24, 2017, China's three major bitcoin platforms officially began to collect transaction fees

extended data:

currency features:

1, decentralization: bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency, the whole network is composed of users, and there is no central bank. Decentralization is the guarantee of bitcoin's security and freedom

2, global circulation: bitcoin can be managed on any computer connected to the Internet. No matter where you are, anyone can dig, buy, sell or collect bitcoin

3, exclusive ownership: private key is needed to control bitcoin, which can be stored in any storage medium in isolation. No one can get it except the user himself

4, low transaction cost: bitcoin can be remitted free of charge, but a transaction fee of about 1 bitfen will be charged for each transaction to ensure faster transaction execution

5, no hidden cost: as a means of payment from a to B, bitcoin has no cumbersome limit of quota and proceres. If you know the other party's bitcoin address, you can pay

6, cross platform Mining: users can explore the computing power of different hardware on many platforms

advantages of bitcoin:

1, it is completely decentralized, without issuing institutions, it is impossible to manipulate the number of issues. Its distribution and circulation are realized through open-source P2P algorithm

2, anonymity, tax exemption and supervision free

3, robustness. Bitcoin is completely dependent on P2P network and has no distribution center, so it cannot be shut down externally. Bitcoin price may fluctuate and collapse, and many governments may declare it illegal, but bitcoin and its huge P2P network will not disappear

4, borderless and cross-border. Cross border remittance will go through layers of exchange control agencies, and the transaction records will be recorded by many parties. But if you trade with bitcoin, enter the digital address directly, click the mouse and wait for the P2P network to confirm the transaction, a lot of money will pass. It does not go through any regulatory agencies and will not leave any cross-border transaction records

5, Shanzhai people are difficult to survive. Because bitcoin algorithm is completely open source, anyone can download the source code, modify some parameters, recompile, and create a new P2P currency

but these counterfeit currencies are very fragile and vulnerable to 51% attacks. Any indivial or organization, as long as it controls 51% of the computing power of a P2P currency network, can manipulate transactions and currency value at will, which will be a devastating blow to P2P currency

many counterfeit coins die in this link. The bitcoin network is robust enough. If you want to control 51% of the computing power of the bitcoin network, the number of CPUs / GPUs required will be astronomical

the weakness of bitcoin

1, the fragility of trading platform. The bitcoin network is robust, but the bitcoin trading platform is fragile. Trading platform is usually a website, which will be attacked by hackers or shut down by competent authorities

2, the transaction confirmation time is long. When bitcoin wallet is first installed, it will consume a lot of time to download historical transaction data blocks. While bitcoin transaction, in order to confirm the accuracy of data, it will take some time to interact with P2P network, and the transaction will be completed only after the whole network is confirmed

3, the price fluctuates greatly. Due to the intervention of a large number of speculators, the price of bitcoin for cash fluctuates like a roller coaster. Making bitcoin more suitable for speculation rather than anonymous trading

4, the public did not understand the principle, and the traditional financial practitioners resisted. Active netizens understand the principle of P2P network and know that bitcoin has no legal person to manipulate and control

but the public doesn't understand, and many people can't even distinguish between bitcoin and q-coin“ "No issuer" is the advantage of bitcoin, but in the view of traditional financial practitioners, "no issuer" currency is worthless

4.

Bitcoin is an Internet virtual asset

unlike all currencies, bitcoin does not rely on a specific currency institution to issue. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions

and use the design of cryptography to ensure the security of all aspects of money circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction

the design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity

extended data:

currency features:

1. Decentralization: bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency, and the whole network is composed of users without a central bank. Decentralization is the guarantee of bitcoin's security and freedom

2. Global circulation: bitcoin can be managed on any computer connected to the Internet. No matter where you are, anyone can dig, buy, sell or collect bitcoin

3. Exclusive ownership: private key is needed to control bitcoin, which can be stored in any storage medium in isolation. No one can get it except the user himself

4. Low transaction cost: bitcoin can be remitted free of charge, but a transaction fee of about 1 bitfen will be charged for each transaction to ensure faster transaction execution

5, no hidden cost: as a means of payment from a to B, bitcoin has no cumbersome limit of quota and proceres. If you know the other party's bitcoin address, you can pay

6. Cross platform Mining: users can explore the computing power of different hardware on many platforms

5. The definition of bitcoin in Chinese law:
according to the regulations on the administration of RMB, the proction and sale of token tickets are prohibited. Because there is no clear judicial interpretation of the definition of token ticket, if bitcoin is included in the "token ticket", the legal prospect of bitcoin in China will face uncertainty< On June 4, 2009, the notice of the Ministry of culture and the Ministry of Commerce on strengthening the management of virtual currency in online games (Wen Shi Fa [2009] No. 20) stated that the scope of application of virtual currency in online games was defined for the first time, and a distinction was made between the current virtual currency in online games and the virtual props in games; At the same time, the notice said that the "notice" stipulates that enterprises engaged in related services must be approved before they can operate
in China, some Taobao stores have begun to accept the use of bitcoin, and the number of businesses will graally increase
in October 2013, the first bitcoin quarterly, one bit, was released
on October 15, 2013, the network accelerator service of the network announced its support for bitcoin
on October 26, 2013, btcmini reported that GBL was hacked
on October 31, 2013, Lei Teng, a famous Internet lawyer, proposed the event of "filing a case to investigate the closure of GBL bitcoin trading platform as soon as possible", analyzed the "value function" and "use function" of bitcoin, and bitcoin should be governed by relevant laws.

6. As an almost perfect monetary system, bitcoin has five characteristics different from traditional currency
first, decentralization. Bitcoin is a point-to-point, decentralized digital currency. It does not rely on specific institutions to issue, does not need any government and institutions to carry out credit endorsement, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of each link< Second, anonymity. You can send and receive bitcoin without providing any personal identity information< Third, scarcity. The total number of bitcoins is limited to 21 million and is expected to be issued in 2140< Fourthly, the transfer cost is low. With bitcoin transfer, no matter how much the amount is, you only need to pay a very low fee. The transfer fee can be set freely. At present, it is recommended to pay 0.0005 bitcoin fee for each transfer< 5. Convenient global circulation. In any country, any intelligent terminal connected to the Internet can carry out bitcoin transfer and transaction
I hope I can help you! Hope to adopt!

7. Bitcoin is a virtual cryptocurrency based on decentralization, peer-to-peer network, consensus initiative, open source, and blockchain as the underlying technology. It was proposed by Nakamoto in 2008 and born in 2009
bitcoin does not have a centralized issuer. It is generated by the calculation of network nodes. It can be bought and sold on any computer connected to the Internet, and has a strong scarcity
Decentralization: bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency. The whole network is composed of users without a central bank. Decentralization is the guarantee of bitcoin's security and freedom

Global Circulation: bitcoin can be managed on any computer connected to the Internet. No matter where you are, anyone can dig, buy, sell or collect bitcoin

exclusive ownership: private key is required to manipulate bitcoin, which can be stored in any storage medium in isolation. No one can get it except the user himself

low transaction cost: bitcoin can be remitted free of charge, but a transaction fee of about 1 bitfen will be charged for each transaction to ensure faster transaction execution

no hidden cost: as a means of payment from a to B, bitcoin has no cumbersome quota and proceres. If you know the other party's bitcoin address, you can pay

cross platform Mining: users can explore the computing power of different hardware on many platforms
the content of this article comes from: financial code of the people's Republic of China: application edition, China Law Press

8. Whether bitcoin is legal or not depends on the attitude of monetary authorities
the further development of bitcoin may threaten the interests of traditional currencies, and currency issuers will not cede their rights to an open-source P2P algorithm. So governments are likely to outlaw bitcoin
once governments declare it illegal, it may cause huge fluctuations in its price in the short term. It could be a crash, it could be a surge. Because people at the bottom of the world are obviously resistant to their governments< At the same time, the ban by the government will lead to the closure of bitcoin trading platform. After the closing of the trading platform, bitcoin can only be cashed in private, which will have a great impact on its cashing ability< However, e to the characteristics of bitcoin itself, it provides an excellent channel for officials of various countries to accept bribes, launder money and transfer assets overseas. Especially in the trend that officials of various countries disclose their property, bitcoin provides a good way for them to hold huge property anonymously
from this perspective, some officials may actively promote the legalization of bitcoin< On May 7, 2013, officials from the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) said that they were considering whether the online virtual currency "bitcoin" could be applied to the agency's regulations. CFTC is the highest regulator of the derivatives instry in the United States. Bitcoin is known as a currency independent of traditional authority, and if it is regulated more, it may bring challenges to its supporters
CFTC mainly supervises derivatives contracts. Its responsibilities have been greatly expanded after the financial crisis in 2007-2009, and it also has full power to supervise retail foreign exchange dealers
Bart Chilton, one of the five members of the CFTC, said on Monday that he had asked the committee to consider regulating bitcoin to determine whether consumers need additional protection when using bitcoin[ 15]
the Hong Kong government has approved GBL electronic currency trading center to operate virtual currency exchange business, which will be an important milestone in the development of bitcoin. GBL virtual electronic currency trading center has completed the equity change and has the business scope of virtual electronic currency exchange business.

9. In the notice jointly issued by the central bank, the Ministry of instry and information technology, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission, bitcoin is a so-called currency calculated by a specific computer program, which is not issued by the monetary authority, has no monetary attributes such as legal compensation and compulsion, and is not a real currency. In terms of nature, bitcoin is a specific virtual commodity, which does not have the same legal status as currency and cannot and should not be used as currency in the market. However, the five ministries and commissions also said in the notice that bitcoin trading, as a commodity trading behavior on the Internet, ordinary people have the freedom to participate in it at their own risk.

10. In primary school mathematics teaching, calculation can be said to be a key point, from one or two digit addition and subtraction calculation in low grade to multiple digit multiplication and division calculation in middle and high grade, from oral calculation to simple calculation and four mixed operations, it can be said that calculation runs through the whole primary school mathematics learning stage. Therefore, it is very important to improve the calculation speed and accuracy of primary school students. In view of the phenomenon of slow speed and high error rate in the calculation process of my class, I have carried out research and discussion in order to improve their calculation speed and accuracy< 1. Strengthen the teaching of calculation law. Calculation law is the foundation and basis for students to carry out correct calculation. Only by mastering the calculation law, can the speed of calculation be improved. I asked the students to "practice first and then talk about" the calculation rules of decimal addition and subtraction, the calculation rules of four mixed operations, and so on. I asked them to sum up the calculation rules by working out the problems themselves. In this way, the students can understand the calculation rules and remember them in their minds. When they encounter such calculation problems, they can quickly reflect the solving methods of such problems, If you have a plan in mind, you will be able to solve the problem much faster. 2. We should strengthen the training of skillful calculation
we should pay attention to the word "skillful" when doing anything. Skillful can make things more effective, especially in mathematical calculation. Skillful calculation can spread students' thinking, make students' thinking more active and broad, skillful calculation can also improve students' calculation speed, so I also pay attention to strengthen the training in this aspect. For example, when looking for the characteristics of skillful calculation when multiplying two digits by 11, I asked the students to find the characteristics of multiplication and proct of any two digits by 11 after calculation, so as to find the secret of skillful calculation when multiplying two digits by 11: pull the numbers on two digits and ten digits apart from each other, and put the results of adding the numbers on two digits and ten digits in the middle of them. This is discovered and summed up by students themselves. Some competent students also expand and extend it, and find out the ingenious calculation methods when multiplying three digits by 11... These ingenious calculation methods are discovered and summed up by students through their own practice. In this way, students not only deepen the impression, but also try to find the fun, so that they are more interested in finding other clever calculation methods in mathematics, to find the fun in mathematics, and constantly improve their computing ability, but also increase their love for mathematics
3. Practice makes perfect
practice makes perfect, which is an unchangeable truth. In mathematics, although it does not advocate the "sea problem tactics", but for the cultivation of computing ability, practice makes perfect is of great benefit. I insist on letting students practice every day, changing different calculation problems for students to practice. Although the amount of problems is small, it aims to improve students' proficiency through practice: proficiency in pithy formula, proficiency in calculation rules, proficiency in using different solutions to different problems... More problems are seen and more problems are done in practice, In this way, no matter what kind of questions you encounter, you can quickly make a response, so as to make a quick and correct answer
4. Strengthen the teaching of simple calculation
simple calculation is also a practical and effective method to improve students' calculation speed. The difference between simple calculation and skillful calculation is that simple calculation is often based on certain operation laws, such as addition commutation law and addition combination law, and multiplication commutation law and addition combination law are often used in addition calculation To a certain extent, the use of these operation laws not only brings convenience to students' calculation, but also provides an important guarantee for students to improve the speed of calculation. Therefore, in the process of teaching, I strengthened the teaching of simple methods
5. Let students remember some commonly used data
I remember an ecator said, A person's memory is the best before he is 13 years old. He can remember many things at this stage. Although he doesn't know why and how some of them are like this, they don't become obstacles that affect his memory. The unknown reasons of these knowledge will be solved with the growth of his age and the increase of his knowledge. Therefore, we should pay attention to the development of students' memory, Especially before the age of 13. The content of calculation in middle and high grades is extensive, comprehensive and comprehensive. Some common operations are often encountered in real life. These operations have no specific rules of oral arithmetic, and must be solved by strengthening memory training. The main contents of my intensive training are as follows: 1) the square result of each number from 1 to 10 in the natural number; ② A method of oral calculation for the square result of two digit number of 5 on a digit; ③ Some specific proct results, such as 125 × 8＝1000，25 × 4 = 100, etc. The results of these special numbers are frequently used in homework and life. If you master them skillfully and remember them well, you can transform them into abilities, which play a good role in calculation and proce high efficiency
Second, improve the accuracy of calculation
doing things requires not only speed, but also quality. Speed alone is not enough, but also quality. So I try to improve the students' calculation speed at the same time, also want to find a way to improve the accuracy of students' calculation< The new curriculum standard points out that we should pay attention to the cultivation of students' habit of checking. Inspection is a good way, it can make people find their own mistakes in time and correct them in time. In the process of teaching, I pay attention to strengthen the teaching of checking calculation, so that students can use different methods to test a problem. While mastering the test methods, I can skillfully use this method to judge the correctness of the answers to similar problems
2. Using estimation to improve the accuracy of calculation
it is mentioned in the new curriculum standard that students' estimation ability should be cultivated. Estimation is a simple and effective way to improve the accuracy of calculation
to improve the speed and accuracy of students' calculation, it needs a period of exploration and practice, and I have only carried out this topic for half a semester, and only a small part of the research has been carried out, and no substantial research results have been obtained. What I have discussed above is only some of my own practices in the preliminary experimental stage and the future research direction