Did bitcoin win at the beginning
on January 3, 2009, Nakamoto g up the first batch of 50 bitcoins on a small server in Helsinki, Finland
on May 21, 2010, the first bitcoin transaction: Laszlo hanyecz, a Florida programmer, bought a $25 pizza coupon with 10000 BTC
on July 16, 2010, the price of BTC rose by US $0.08 from US $0.008. The first sharp price fluctuation shows the rise of new things
on July 17, 2010, the first bitcoin platform was established
on November 6, 2010, the price on mtgox reached $0.5, and the bitcoin economy reached $1 million
on December 7, 2010, the first portable device to portable device transaction was realized on Nokia 900, with a transaction volume of 0.42btc
on February 9, 2011, the price reached US $1 for the first time, which is equivalent to US $1. The news that BTC is equivalent to us dollar has been widely reported by the media, which has aroused people's great attention, and the number of new users has increased greatly. In the next two months, bitcoin and pound sterling, Brazilian currency, Polish currency exchange trading platform has opened
on March 18, 2011, the BTC / USD exchange rate hit a seven week low, falling to US $0.7
on August 20, 2011, the first bitcoin conference and World Expo were held in New York. Among Google trend counties, bitcoin's attention reached a new high, with a price of $11 at that time
on November 14, 2011, the price of bitcoin hit a new half year low of $1.99
on September 15, 2012, the bitcoin conference was held in London. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $11.8
on September 27, 2012, bitcoin fund was founded, and the price of bitcoin was $12.46
on November 25, 2012, the first bitcoin conference in Europe was held in Prague, Czech Republic. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $12.6
on February 19, 2013, bitcoin client v8.0 was released. At this time, the price of bitcoin was $28.66
on April 10, 2013, BTC set a record high price of $110
on May 9, 2013, BTC Chinese, the largest bitcoin reporting website www.sosobtc.com The company obtained the investment fund Union Square's US $5 million round a investment, and the price of bitcoin was US $112.09 at this time< On May 28, 2013, the Department of Homeland Security banned the virtual currency service of Liberty Reserve, a Costa Rican exchange company, for its suspected xiqian and unlicensed fund transfer business, U.S. prosecutors said that this will become the largest international xiqian lawsuit in history, with the scale of absorbing money reaching 6 billion US dollars. A large number of users, including China, will lose all their money. At this time, the price of bitcoin is 128 US dollars
in June 2013, Netcom said that the United States will withdraw from qe3, deflationary bitcoin and quantitative easing monetary policy, which are the relationship between the two
on June 27, 2013, the German Conference made a decision: holding bitcoin for more than one year will be tax-free, which is considered by the instry to recognize the legal status of bitcoin. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $102.24
on June 28, 2013, mtgox obtained the monetary service license issued by the financial crime enforcement network office of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Transaction standardization may mean that bitcoin is on the right track, government risk is reced, and its pace of integration into the display economy will be accelerated. At the same time, it will play an exemplary role in other virtual currencies. At this time, the price of bitcoin is $97.99
on November 28, 2013, the bitcoin trading price of Mt. GOx, a popular bitcoin exchange, broke through $1000, reaching a record high of $1073
on November 29, 2013, the trading price of bitcoin on Mt. GOx, a popular exchange, hit a record high of US $1242, while the price of gold was US $1241.98 an ounce, surpassing that of gold for the first time.
Those people are living a good life now, those who played bitcoin in the early days & lt; The pig of tuyere & quot; Made a lot of money
the discussion of bitcoin in many forums is no longer limited to & quot; Is bitcoin a scam;, Instead, it extends to & lt; Can bitcoin become a global currency in my opinion, bitcoin is a full digital bubble. A virtual currency constructed by algorithm has no national support behind it. Moreover, the scarcity of bitcoin will inevitably lead to its appreciation very quickly, especially under the guidance of market economy. behind the currencies used by countries in daily life are endorsements with national prestige, just like the reason why the US dollar circulates around the world is not because the strong national strength of the United States ensures the liquidity of the US dollar Nakamoto's original simple idea of letting bitcoin replace the currencies of various countries and become the object of global circulation is a joke in terms of power struggle between countriesWhen bitcoin first appeared in 2009, its price was less than 1 cent. One dollar could be converted into 1300 bitcoins, that is to say, seven yuan could be converted into 1300 bitcoins
on May 5, 2017, bitfinex, an overseas digital currency trading platform, quoted a price. Bitcoin once hit US $1700, about RMB 11737
extended information:
in China, some Taobao stores have also begun to accept the use of bitcoin, and businesses will graally increase
in October 2013, the first bitcoin quarterly, one bit, was released
on October 15, 2013, the network accelerator service of the network announced its support for bitcoin
on October 26, 2013, btcmini reported that GBL was hacked
on October 31, 2013, Lei Teng, a famous Internet lawyer, proposed the event of "filing a case to investigate the closure of GBL bitcoin trading platform as soon as possible", analyzed the "value function" and "use function" of bitcoin, and bitcoin should be governed by relevant laws
on December 5, 2013, notice of the Ministry of instry and information technology of the people's Bank of China, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission on preventing bitcoin risk: bitcoin is a specific virtual commodity; Bitcoin trading is a kind of commodity trading on the Internet. Ordinary people have the freedom to participate in it at their own risk
on September 4, 2017, the announcement of the people's Bank of China Central Network Information Office, Ministry of instry and information technology, State Administration for Instry and commerce, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission and China Insurance Regulatory Commission on preventing the risk of token issuance financing: it is prohibited to engage in token issuance financing activities (ICO)
the trading platform shall not engage in the exchange business between legal tender and token, or virtual currency, or buy or sell token or virtual currency as a central counter party, or provide pricing, information intermediary and other services for token or virtual currency
on November 2, 2018, the people's Bank of China released the 12th topic of China financial stability report 2018, which talked about "encrypted assets"
Whether in the past or in the future, we have always advocated that indivial interests should be in line with collective interests. When facing social and economic interests, we should first consider social value. When dealing with virtual currency shuttling through financial transactions, how should we choose its social and economic value
there are thousands of virtual currencies in circulation in the market, and not every currency will follow the principle of social value first. From December 17 to January 18, many virtual currencies scrambled the trading market by virtue of ICO chaos, which not only made many investors lose money, but also lost the hope of increasing the value of virtual currency, This kind of virtual currency not only has no social value, but also can never realize its own economic value
As the first virtual currency to appear in the public's eyes, bitcoin is a financial proct with both social and economic values. It not only grows graally in the process of development, from less than $1 to $10000 + today, but also drives the development of the whole instry. Bitcoin is the leader and protector of the emerging instry, Its contribution is multifaceted and its advantages are incomparable As a new emerging virtual currency, mycoin may not seem warm now, but the soup made by slow fire is often different. I hope mycoin will move closer and closer to bitcoin and compete with it in the near futurenow there are more ways to get involved in bitcoin. You can mine, buy and sell bitcoin, provide goods or services in exchange for bitcoin, and of course, dig futures. Bitcoin home has more information.
world wide steel, pseudonym, physicist and scientific author. He is the author of the best-selling book "never expected: understanding the world with science and engineering thinking". The purpose of his article is "understanding the world with science and engineering thinking". He likes science and politics, and emphasizes rationality and modernization
this is a preface written by world wide steel for the new book intelligentsia: being a complex modern man (Electronic Instry Press, February 2016). The surging news is published with the authorization of the author< This is a book about the modern world. I want to talk about something in this book that a modern person should have, and only a modern person can have; Wisdom & quot—— Wisdom and insight. If you want to understand the modern world and even make some decisions, you have to have this kind of wisdom
from the perspective of social change, the ideas to be discussed in this book are quite new, and they have not yet become idioms and allusions to be written into our cultural genes. They are scattered among the latest developments in various disciplines and are often unknown to laymen. But these ideas do not need any professional knowledge to be understood and mastered. They have been spread among scientists, philosophers, engineers, entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, university teachers and students, and people in all walks of life who are sensitive and interested in the modern world
these people are not just traditional & quot; Intellectuals;, It's & quot; Intellectual elements & quot
I used to be a physicist. I made a living in scientific research, but my achievements have not reached the level of daring to speak Chinese; Physicist & quot; The degree of self assertion. It is reasonable to focus on physics research, but I read a lot of non professional books and wrote a lot of articles that have nothing to do with physics. I don't do these unprofessional things because physicists have more free time, but it's really because the turbulent modern world is so interesting - I even think that if you don't get to know the latest ideas of the world well and just satisfy yourself with being an intellectual in a specific profession, you will be born in the modern world for nothing
and you may be in danger of falling behind. There are three important trends in the world at this moment, which challenge us intellectually< The first is that the world is becoming more and more complex< Economists love to talk with pencils. A pencil seems simple, but if you think about it carefully, the graphite lead, the wooden shell, the metal skin and the rubber of the pen head, from the extraction of the primary raw materials to the processing and assembly, you don't know how many hands have passed. No one has mastered the whole set of pencils; Craftsmanship;, What everyone knows is just one step
Hayek tells us that this is the power of the market. In fact, knowledge is decentralized and distributed among people. It is the market that organizes people to work together. So if you only know the same knowledge, no problem, as long as you make a reasonable response to the price signal, you can live a good life. On the other hand, if someone wants to have all the knowledge, try to take charge of the whole situation and even make plans, he can only help
but the modern world is more complicated than the traditional pencil workers. If I'm a pencil worker with low salary but a little modern consciousness, I want to ask why I can't get high salary. I need to know something about economics. I would also like to suggest that factories print some words and patterns on pencils to promote sales, which probably involves psychology. I am concerned about the stability of my work. Some people say that the pencil instry is dying. How can I evaluate the credibility of such comments? Will I be replaced by robots? How should I engage in office politics with my boss? If I want my children to work at a higher level in the future, should I focus on exam oriented ecation or quality ecation
no one only knows to stare at price signals. These are the real situations of modern people: they face many problems every day. How to answer these questions? In fact, most people's way is to imitate others, because it's useless to think for themselves, and it's useless to watch the romance of the Three Kingdoms, the art of war, and the study of the thick black - the experience and ideas adapted to the traditional simple society are becoming less and less adapted to the modern society
the second trend is that artificial intelligence is graally replacing people's work
I will elaborate on this in the book. In short, the situation is much more serious than people think. So far, many livelihood skills, even some advanced skills, which are still easy to use, will soon be replaced by artificial intelligence. We are about to usher in an era of "changing people without changing ideas"
the third trend is that although the material life of all people is improving, the class stratification of the whole society is expanding
in recent years, studies on the gap between the rich and the poor have emphasized a point: the most important difference between the poor and the rich is not the amount of money, or even the number of opportunities, but the culture and concept. Poverty is not only an economic state, but also a mode of thinking. The difference in this mode of thinking is not only the difference in investment and financial management like "poor dad, rich dad", but also a whole set of things
for example, the degree of trust in strangers may reflect your class height. Some people have made an in-depth investigation of the social customs of Italian immigrant working-class communities in Boston area of the United States, and found that for these people, family members, relatives and acquaintances from childhood to althood are far more trustworthy than any outsiders. They think that everything outside is mysterious and even hostile. Another British study found that the working class and the poor are more likely to say things that only their relatives and friends can understand, regardless of whether outsiders can understand them - while the middle class try to explain what they are saying to everyone
compared with the love of fellow countrymen and the dialect slang among alumni, what kind of class are most of us? Is it easy for us to fall into the thinking mode controlled by the traditional acquaintance society and even the evolutionary psychology from the primitive society? Do we have the rational thinking advocated by modern society
the law of the world is not the chicken soup of the soul, so I have to say that the backward mode of thinking is difficult to change. In the book, I will introce several studies that try to change the thinking of poverty, among which there are few successful cases
Keith stanovic, a Canadian psychologist, has a book called beyond Intelligence: why smart people do stupid things, which uses a lot of research results to explain a problem: intelligence and rationality are two different things, and they are almost unrelated. Rational ability - the ability to fully understand the current situation and make the best decisions - needs to learn from others
given the scarcity of high-quality ecation resources and the great differences in family culture among different classes, who is more likely to learn rationality
considering the previous two trends, the world is becoming more and more complex and difficult to understand, and artificial intelligence is forcing us to change our minds - in such a situation, how can the gap between the rich and the poor not be widening
these three trends will pose great challenges to us. It can be said that only a few people have the wisdom of modern society, and most people's thoughts still stay in the traditional society, some even stay in the primitive society
how to meet this ideological challenge? The first step is to listen to the experts< How to listen to the opinions of science and engineering experts
Science and engineering thinking is the most important modern thinking, which stresses tradeoff, quantification and scientific methods. My last book was called "never thought: understanding the world with science and engineering thinking". But make no mistake: if you are only satisfied with your own small field, an expert in science and engineering may not be able to understand the world with science and engineering thinking< In fact, experts in science and engineering probably have a problem. If someone asks you a question about insight, if you don't use your own professional knowledge to answer it, people will say that you are not an expert in this field at all; If you use the professional knowledge to answer, you are actually a tool for reference only< How do you say that? Few practical problems in a complex world can be solved with only one aspect of knowledge. It is said that a famous scientist in the United States was invited to talk about environmental protection on a talk show once and made a big difference. Scientists engaged in environmental related research must emphasize environmental protection, but this man is more extreme. He even said that CEOs of energy giants & quot; Committed a crime against humanity
experts like this can't take you seriously. It's us who use energy, but the CEO of energy company? And a crime against humanity? Obviously, the scope of knowledge of this scientist is too narrow. He only knows a little knowledge of his own subject and thinks that what he studies is the most important. He doesn't have tradeoff's mind at all, and he doesn't know the importance of other needs in society. As the saying goes, if you are not in charge of your family, you don't know the price of firewood and rice
in my opinion, this situation is quite common. Some scientists and engineers are not very knowledgeable on public issues, and they habitually overemphasize the importance of their own profession. Climate scientists who advocate global warming claim to rece carbon emissions at all costs, as if the economic scale is not a problem at all; People engaged in aerospace believe that every dollar invested in the aerospace instry can bring a return of seven dollars; People engaged in bioenergy say that nuclear power is particularly dangerous; Physics practitioners say that the electron positron collider is the most urgent scientific research project in China in the early 1980s... Only Mr. Yang Zhenning is the most fair: as a physicist, he says that the 21st century is the century of biology
therefore, the best way to treat science and engineering experts is to take their opinions as a reference for decision-making. You can provide me with the best argument data within your professional scope, but I have to listen to other people's arguments and data on how to make a decision
a gentleman has no tools. If you are only satisfied with being a technical expert in a certain small field, I'm afraid it's not enough to make public decisions at a large scale, and it's not enough to understand life at a small scale
then, can you listen to the liberal arts experts
3. Ideas and arithmetic
Science and engineering experts at least know the limitations of their knowledge, and liberal arts experts often think that they know everything. They don't travel in the world by & quot; Rationality;, It's by & quot; Concept & quot
many humanities, including economics, political science and sociology, are still at a very early stage, which is reflected in the fact that scholars have not reached a consensus on many major issues. They are divided into many factions, often labeled with & quot; ×× Doctrine & quot; Sometimes, it's just like the sects in the martial arts world. Keynesian economics believes that consumption stimulates growth, and the government should introce economic stimulus plan; Supply side economics believes that the real heroes are entrepreneurs, so the best stimulus is tax cuts. Liberal political scholars believe that government should play an important role in social life, while conservative political scholars demand small government
Sweden, a Nordic country with high tax and welfare, is a typical representative of big government. America as a Democratic Party
Nationalism:
nationalism is a political theory about national sovereignty, national interests, national security and national interests
In essence, nationalism and national rights are inseparable, and the state is composed of land, people (nationalities), culture and governmentcitizens authorize the government to manage state affairs through contract law, which is the contract between citizens and the government
the core of nationalism is to advocate that the people should be guided to safeguard the national interests through the contract law as the standard, and the country should safeguard the national interests and restrain them together
nationalism advocates the interests of the whole people
in principle, nationalism does not object to the governance of national affairs by professionals, but professionals must be carried out under the national and national contract laws, and can not violate national laws
Nationalism opposes dictatorship, oligarchs and political elites controlling the national government, which is reflected in the fact that oligarchs and all elites are above the lawcontrolling the state to safeguard the interests of the bureaucratic class, and dissimilating the bureaucracy from a state tool to the sole domination of the state, undermining the interests of the whole people
criticism and support for Nationalism:
opponents of nationalism often accuse the state of interfering in the immorality of restricting indivial freedom
they also tend to reject the economic model of nationalism and support more liberal economic policies, because they believe that economic activities at the level of decentralization, indivials or private organizations in the free market can bring better economic results
On the contrary, supporters of nationalism believe that centralized planned economy can bring better economic benefits to everyone than free market economy (see planned economy) Both sides actively cited relevant theoretical arguments and historical facts. Communist countries, which are usually regarded as the models of nationalism, often become the focus of this debateopponents of nationalism argue that communist countries perform much worse than free-market countries of the same era in the same time frame: they fail to solve the problem of poverty, and at the same time cause class differentiation similar to countries without nationalism
in response, most nationalists just reject the economic model used by communism countries and propose a different model. But there is also a defense for communism: under the same circumstances, their economic achievements are better than those of the free market, and it is groundless to compare them with the instrialized Western world
on the issue of indivial freedom, some nationalists believe that, compared with the market-oriented economic system, nationalism can provide more positive freedom by giving some indivials (especially the poor) the freedom of choice they cannot have under the strict capitalist system