The central summary of bitcoin

1.

The total number of bitcoins is 21 million

in 2009, when bitcoin was born, block reward was 50 bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first 50 bitcoins were generated, and the total amount of money at this time is 50. Then bitcoin grew at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the block reward will be halved to 25

when the total amount reaches 15.75 million (5.25 million new output, i.e. 50% of 1050), the block reward will be further halved to 12.5. The monetary system used to have no more than 10.5 million in four years, after which the total number will be permanently limited to about 21 million

extended data

monetary characteristics

1. Decentralization: bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency, and the whole network is composed of users without a central bank. Decentralization is the guarantee of bitcoin's security and freedom

2. Global circulation: bitcoin can be managed on any computer connected to the Internet. No matter where you are, anyone can dig, buy, sell or collect bitcoin

3. Exclusive ownership: private key is needed to control bitcoin, which can be stored in any storage medium in isolation. No one can get it except the user himself

4. Low transaction cost: bitcoin can be remitted free of charge, but a transaction fee of about 1 bitfen will be charged for each transaction to ensure faster transaction execution

5, no hidden cost: as a means of payment from a to B, bitcoin has no cumbersome limit of quota and proceres. If you know the other party's bitcoin address, you can pay

6. Cross platform mining: users can explore the computing power of different hardware on many platforms

2. For example, I borrow money from you in a village. Normally, if I am afraid that you will not repay the money, I can find an intermediary recognized by everyone, such as the village head as the guarantor, and sign an IOU. In this way, if you default at that time, I can find an intermediary to prove that you really owe me money, But there are two problems: 1. What if the village head finds out that his long lost son colludes with him to cheat you on money? 2. What if the middleman dies on the spot the next day! This is about trust and security. If the method of blockchain is to provide you with the certificate of the whole village (distributed), so that everyone knows about it and the other party can't default on it. Second, even if a small number of people or village heads deny (some nodes commit crimes) that they have lost the IOU or tampered with the content, there will still be others to make the basis

above, explain the two problems of building owners: 1. Decentralization, because the account book records are not centralized in the hands of each participant, and you will get paid if you save and keep accounts. 2. Since I can get rewards by saving and keeping accounts, can I just keep accounts instead of storing them? If you have a mining pool, you can keep accounts for it and store it for you. In this way, you can still get good rewards. There are only a few mining pools in the world, so they are centralized

3. Bitcoin is different from the previous currency, it completely relies on the Internet to create and trade; Bitcoin's unique technical attributes lead to its economic and cultural attributes beyond the present currency. Bitcoin is a kind of electronic currency proced by open-source P2P software. Compared with the paper currency in circulation, the biggest feature of bitcoin is decentralization and global circulation in the network world, followed by high security and high confidentiality. These technical attributes further extend to the economic attributes of no inflation, no freezing, and no man-made supply; In terms of culture, bitcoin is popular among anarchists and liberals. The advantages of bitcoin are artificially exaggerated, and its anti inflation and anti inflation functions cannot stand up to scrutiny. In the long run, the prospect of bit is hard to match that of gold. In the most optimistic case, it will become a means of payment in some areas; But in the short and medium term, bit still has room for speculation and imagination. In addition, the use of bitcoin in some sensitive areas highlights the increasingly prominent role of information in national security
1. The advantages of bitcoin are exaggerated: About decentralization, no transaction costs and anti inflation
it is true that bitcoin has various advantages over paper money, but these advantages have been over interpreted. First of all, bitcoin is a kind of decentralized currency, which will not have the same risk of central bank controlling money supply and affecting market value as paper money; Bitcoin is mainly held in the hands of large investors, and the market depth is not enough. At present, the trading behavior of large investors is also very easy to affect the price of bitcoin. Even if the attribute of decentralization is regarded as the advantage of bitcoin when it is fully mature, then the prerequisite of holding decentralization should be added. In addition, there are great differences between centralized and decentralized online payment systems in the degree and type of financial risks they are exposed to
secondly, the low transaction cost of bitcoin is not without transaction cost. On the contrary, e to the increasing difficulty of bitcoin mining and the further stability of currency value, the dependence of relevant transaction platforms on transaction cost will increase, which will certainly increase the transaction cost. Finally, the confidentiality of the bitcoin transaction needs to be discussed. The principle of the bitcoin transaction makes all the processes of each bitcoin transaction stored in each machine. If someone can determine the real background of a transaction, they can find all the transactions down and up through these data
compared with other advantages, anti inflation or anti inflation is the most publicized advantage. Although its supply is stable and the upper limit of supply is locked according to its algorithm, unless the whole world is unified and all countries use bits as currency, it can not prevent the over issuance of money only as a means of payment or a storage of value, just as the current existence of gold can not constrain the growth of each country's currency. If bits can only be used as a means of payment in local areas (such as the network), then global or some countries' inflation will still be transmitted to the areas where bits are used. Therefore, the use of bits to prevent inflation is basically untenable, or has a strong premise. As for anti inflation, that is to say, it has the function of value storage, it needs to have the property similar to gold. However, from the reality, bit's essential property and prospect are still hard to match gold. See below for details
2. Bitcoin's future positioning is too high
the expectation of bitcoin's future in the market generally compares it with gold and US dollar, which is relatively high. The recognition of gold not only lies in its natural physical properties, but also in its official acceptance as a reserve currency (or an important allocation of foreign exchange assets). In theory, bitcoin as an electronic currency does not have the unique and exclusive status, and it is more difficult to become the official reserve of central banks like gold. Therefore, it is not appropriate to expect too much bit. As an electronic currency, bit has the first mover advantage. If it can be guaranteed in terms of security, its most optimistic prospect will be as a means of payment in local areas
3. Speculation and speculative demand caused by event factors are the main reasons for the rise of bitcoin in this round
under the credit currency system, people's lack of confidence in the currencies of various countries and pessimistic economic prospects are the general environment for the rise of bitcoin in this round. The speculation of the major dealers in the market and the derivatives market of bitcoin, together with the speculative psychology of the participants, further accelerated its rise. Btcchina's investment of US $5 million and the announcement of Ben's position are the main driving factors for the recent surge
however, a lot of big players start to enter the market and buy a lot, which not only drives the bit price up to a high level, but also increases the market risk. Chamath, a former Facebook executive, has spent $5 million on bitcoin and plans to spend another $10 million. Bitcoin investment trust also exceeded its target within four weeks, raising $15 million. These people's investments not only make bitcoin further rise, but also concentrate on the holding of bitcoin, which strengthens the influence of indivials and institutions on the price of bitcoin and increases the market risk
4. There is still strong room for speculation in the medium and short term
although our previous analysis is not optimistic about the prospect of bit, it is likely that bit will still have strong room for speculation in such a short and medium term period of time as one year. As mentioned in the previous analysis, the creators of bitcoin advocate that the generation of bitcoin is not manipulated by human factors, which is quite different from the credit currencies of various countries. We expect that the monetary policies of major countries will be divided next year. With the release of economic risks and the heavy damage to traditional asset markets, bitcoin will have better room for speculation and imagination< The use of bitcoin in some sensitive areas highlights the increasingly prominent role of information in national security
the U.S. government seized the drug trading website "Silk Road" at the beginning of last month. A crowdfunding network called "assassination market" even marked the sale of murderers with bitcoin price. The founder of the assassin market, under the pseudonym of kuwabatake Sanjuro, is an extreme anarchist. Both prism gate incident and the use of bitcoin in relevant sensitive fields highlight the increasingly prominent position of information field in national security. The Third Plenary Session proposed the establishment of the national security committee, which will play an important role in China's security strategy and expand from traditional national defense, stability maintenance / urban security to information security and other emerging areas

4.

(1) Bitcoin was originally a kind of network virtual currency to buy real-life goods

(2) advantages:

< UL >

completely decentralized, without issuing institutions, it is impossible to manipulate the number of issues

anonymity, tax exemption and supervision free

robustness. Bitcoin is completely dependent on P2P network and has no distribution center, so it cannot be shut down externally

cross border

it's difficult for the cat to survive

< / UL >

(3) disadvantages:

< UL >

the vulnerability of trading platform

transaction confirmation takes a long time

the price fluctuates greatly

the public did not understand the principle, and the traditional financial practitioners resisted

5. Throughout history, there have been cases of gold, goods and even land confiscation in times of crisis. It is also disturbing that, as we have seen in Venezuela, people there are struggling with high inflation. Sometimes it is extremely difficult to convert money into another currency, which makes people feel helpless and can only watch their life savings be worthless. Bitcoin is very different. It is in electronic form and has no boundary restrictions. It can be transferred without any intermediary. Anyone who connects to a mobile device or the Internet can use it. All transactions are permanently recorded in the public ledger, and there is no dispute about ownership
in a recent article in the New York Times, a Venezuelan economist described how bitcoin became a part of Venezuela's daily life, so that on a mainstream bitcoin trading platform, Venezuela's trading volume ranked second only to Russia in the world. But bitcoin is not just used to protect wealth in extreme conditions. In general, bitcoin is also an excellent choice for portfolio diversification, and it should be seen as part of a comprehensive wealth preservation strategy.

6. Bitcoin is a virtual cryptocurrency based on decentralization, peer-to-peer network, consensus initiative, open source, and blockchain as the underlying technology. It was proposed by Nakamoto in 2008 and born in 2009
bitcoin does not have a centralized issuer. It is generated by the calculation of network nodes. It can be bought and sold on any computer connected to the Internet, and has a strong scarcity
Decentralization: bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency. The whole network is composed of users without a central bank. Decentralization is the guarantee of bitcoin's security and freedom

Global Circulation: bitcoin can be managed on any computer connected to the Internet. No matter where you are, anyone can dig, buy, sell or collect bitcoin

exclusive ownership: private key is required to manipulate bitcoin, which can be stored in any storage medium in isolation. No one can get it except the user himself

low transaction cost: bitcoin can be remitted free of charge, but a transaction fee of about 1 bitfen will be charged for each transaction to ensure faster transaction execution

no hidden cost: as a means of payment from a to B, bitcoin has no cumbersome quota and proceres. If you know the other party's bitcoin address, you can pay

cross platform Mining: users can explore the computing power of different hardware on many platforms
the content of this article comes from: financial code of the people's Republic of China: application edition, China Law Press

7. Abstract: a person named Satoshi Nakamoto posted a post on the P2P foundation website, saying that he has developed an open-source P2P (peer-to-peer) e-cash system called bitcoin, which is completely decentralized. There is no central server or trustee, and everything is based on participants. Bitcoin Bitcoin is a kind of virtual currency in the form of P2P. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system. Bitcoin does not rely on specific currency institutions to issue, it is generated through a large number of calculations of specific algorithms. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. Bitcoin is a kind of network virtual currency, similar to Tencent's q-coin. You can use bitcoin to buy some virtual items, such as clothes, hats, equipment, etc. in online games. As long as someone accepts it, you can also use bitcoin to buy real-life items. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity. The monetary system has no more than 10.5 million in the first four years, and the total number after that will be permanently limited to 21 million. Another point is that you can use computers to make bitcoin. Bitcoin is an electronic currency proced by open source P2P software. Bitcoin has also been paraphrased as "bitgold". The concept of virtual currency bitcoin was first proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. Now bitcoin is also used to refer to bitcoin's open source software designed and released according to the ideas of Satoshi Nakamoto and the P2P network built on it. Unlike most currencies, bitcoin does not rely on a specific central issuing institution, but uses a distributed database throughout the P2P network nodes to record currency transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation. For example, bitcoin can only be used by its real owner, and only once, after the payment is completed, the original owner loses the ownership of the bitcoin. Feature bitcoin is designed to allow anonymous ownership and use rights. Bitcoin can be stored in personal computer in the form of computer file (wallet) or in a third-party hosting service. No matter how it is saved, bitcoin can be sent to anyone on the Internet through its address. The distributed characteristics of P2P and the design of no central management mechanism ensure that no organization can manipulate the value of bitcoin or create inflation.

8. Bitcoin is a consensus network, contributing to a new payment system and a fully digital currency. It is the first decentralized peer-to-peer payment network, which is controlled by its users without a central management organization or middleman. From the user's point of view, bitcoin is much like Internet cash. Bitcoin can also be regarded as the most outstanding three style bookkeeping system

bitcoin is proced by mining. Mining is the process of consuming computing resources to process transactions, ensuring network security and keeping everyone's information synchronized in the network. It can be understood as the data center of bitcoin. The difference lies in its completely decentralized design. Miners operate all over the world, and no one can control the network. This process is called "mining" because it is similar to gold panning, because it is also a temporary mechanism for issuing new bitcoin. However, unlike gold panning, bitcoin mining provides rewards for services that ensure the safe operation of payment networks. After the last bitcoin, mining is still necessary

the total number of bitcoin is 21 million, and more than 1300 points have been mined. Bitcoin was invented by a person or organization named Nakamoto in 2009. At present, Nakamoto has disappeared. He is a mysterious figure. No one knows who he is.

9.

In bitcoin white paper "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system", Nakamoto explained in detail how he designed the system. Among them, he established the main design principles of all blockchain systems since then

a real peer-to-peer e-cash should allow direct online payment from the originator to the other party without the need to go through a third-party financial institution

although the existing digital signature technology provides some solutions, if a trusted third party organization is needed to prevent "double payment", the main benefits (Brought by e-cash) will be lost

aiming at the problem of "double payment" in e-cash, we provide a solution with peer-to-peer network technology

in this network, transaction records are time stamped, hashed and merged into a growing chain, which is composed of hash based proof of work. If the proof of work is not redone, the resulting records cannot be changed

the longest chain is not only a proof of the observed sequence of events, but also a proof that it is generated by the largest pool of CPU processing power. As long as the computer nodes that control most CPU processing power do not join forces to attack the network itself, they will generate the longest chain and leave the attacker behind

the network itself only needs the simplest structure. Try your best to broadcast the information on the whole network. A node can leave and rejoin the network at any time. It only needs (when rejoining) to take the longest workload proof chain as the proof of the transaction occurred ring the node's offline period

the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system