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M $ = 1000000 $
K $ = 1000 $
M = Mega
k = Kilo
ref:
the heat generated by the complete combustion of fuel = the amount of fuel × Combustion heat
understand combustion heat in one minute
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combustion thermochemical reaction and energy
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heat of combustion
Science Popularization in China | this entry is reviewed by science popularization in China science network entry compilation and application project
reviewer Li zongxiu
heat of combustion refers to the heat released by the complete combustion reaction between material and oxygen. It is generally measured by the amount of unit material, unit mass or unit volume of fuel when burning. Combustion reaction is usually the reaction of hydrocarbon burning in oxygen to proce carbon dioxide, water and exothermic. The combustion heat can be measured by bomb calorimeter, or the enthalpy of formation of reactants and procts can be obtained by directly looking up the table<
Chinese name
combustion heat
foreign name
combination heat
unit
kJ / mol
heat
complete combustion of material and oxygen
calorific value
low calorific value, high calorific value, total calorific value
subject
chemistry
fast
navigation
calorific value
calorific value
comparison of size
details
definition
at 25 ℃, When the pressure is 100 kPa, (the old standard pressure is 1 atm = 101 kPa, i.e. 1 standard atmospheric pressure, and the new standard pressure is changed to 1 bar = 100 kPa. Peking University Press, general principles of Chemistry (Fourth Edition), p.85, note 1) the heat released by the complete combustion of a 1 mol pure substance to form a stable compound is called the combustion heat of the substance, and the unit is kJ / mol
key points
1. It is required to measure the heat released by the reaction at a pressure of 100KPA, because the pressure is variable and the heat of reaction is different
2. The amount of combustible material is 1 mol The reason why it is stipulated that stable oxides must be generated is that even the same amount of pure substances under the same pressure release different heat from different gases, such as Mg (s) in O2 (g) and Mg (s) in Cl2 (g). In order to unify the standards, it is required to proce compounds
4. It is required that the heat released by the complete combustion of combustible materials to proce stable compounds is the standard. For example: H2S (g) + 1 / 2O2 (g) = = H2O (L) + s ↓; Δ H1, because the generated s is not completely burned, the heat released by this reaction is very low Δ H1 can not be used as the combustion heat of H2S, when H2S (g) + 3 / 2O2 (g) = = H2O (L) + SO2 (g); Δ At this time, the state of water is a stable liquid, and stable oxide SO2 is also generated, so it is very difficult to control Δ H2 is the heat of combustion of H2S. In addition, for water, the heat released when 1mol fuel is completely burned must generate liquid water to be called combustion heat, while gaseous water can not
points for attention
1. The combustion heat is determined by taking 1 mol fuel as the standard, so when calculating the combustion heat, the stoichiometric number of other substances in the thermochemical equation often appears fraction: for example, H2 (g) + 1 / 2O2 (g) = = = H2O (L); Δ H = - 285.8 kJ · mol - 1, the fraction represents the number of moles (i.e. the amount of substances involved in the reaction) rather than the number of molecules, so it is reasonable [1]
note: the coefficients of the chemical equation are only integers, while the thermochemical equation can have fractions
2 Δ H is the difference between the total enthalpy of the proct and the total enthalpy of the reactant
3 Δ When h is negative, it is an exothermic reaction; If it is positive, it is endothermic reaction, and combustion heat is a kind of reaction heat Δ H is negative
4 Δ H is negative. In Narration:
using positive value to describe can remember that the combustion heat is negative, △ h has positive and negative, + is suction and - is discharge, which is helpful to strengthen memory
5. The reactants are usually pure.
Q suction / discharge = cm △ T
this is the formula of specific heat capacity
C = specific heat capacity, M is the mass, and △ t is the temperature difference
for example, water (specific heat capacity is 4200 coke / kg · C), 10kg water, the heat absorbed by increasing 10 ℃ is thus calculated [Q suction = 4200 coke / kg · C] × 10Kg × The first part is the basal metabolic rate, accounting for 65-70% of the total heat consumption, the second part is physical activity, accounting for 15-30% of the total heat consumption, and the third part is the thermal effect of food, accounting for at least 10%, The proportion of the three has been roughly fixed
calorie unit: large calorie, 1 large calorie = 1000 calories
the nutrients that can provide calories in diet are carbohydrate (carbohydrate), fat, protein, alcohol, organic acid, etc. They contain 4 calories of carbohydrate, 9 calories of fat, 4 calories of protein, 7 calories of alcohol and 2.4 calories of organic acid per gram
to calculate the caloric content of food or diet, we should first know the weight of caloric nutrients, and then use the following formula to calculate:
caloric (kcal) = grams of sugars × 4 + protein grams × 4 + grams of fat × 9 + grams of alcohol × 7
the utilization of calories consumed by alts is in three aspects: basal metabolism, activity and food heat effect; During growth and pregnancy, extra heat is needed to build tissue
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extended data:
calculation formula of heat released from complete combustion of solid fuel: Q discharge = MQ
The calculation formula of the heat released by the complete combustion ofgas fuel: q = VQ
q is the heat (J), q is the calorific value (jgkg), M is the mass of solid fuel (kg), V is the volume of gas fuel (M3)
conversion
Joule calories:
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
1 kJ = 0.239 kcal
1 kJ = 4.184 kJ
1 kJ = 0.239 kJ
Joule watt:
1 J = 1 Watt × Second (w · s)
Joule Newton:
1 joule (J) = 1 Newton × M (n · m)
the specific heat capacity is C, the mass is m Δ T is the temperature difference