Number of bitcoin deaths

1. In order to understand the technical principle of bitcoin, we need to understand two important cryptographic techniques: hash code: it converts a long string into a fixed length string, and its conversion is irreversible, that is, it is impossible to guess the original string from hash code. Sha256 is mainly used in bitcoin protocol
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC

2.

Transaction mode of bitcoin

bitcoin is e-cash similar to e-mail, and both parties need "bitcoin wallet" similar to e-mail and "bitcoin address" similar to e-mail address. Just like sending and receiving e-mail, the remitter pays bitcoin directly to the other party through a computer or smart phone according to the recipient's address. The following table lists some websites that download bitcoin wallets and addresses for free

a bitcoin address is a string of about 33 characters long, consisting of letters and numbers, always starting with 1 or 3, such as & quot& quot; Bitcoin software can generate address automatically, and it doesn't need to exchange information online, so it can be offline. More than 2 bitcoin addresses are available. Figuratively speaking, there are about two grains of sand in the world. If there is an earth in each grain of sand, then the total number of bitcoin addresses far exceeds the number of all the sand on all these "earths"

the bitcoin address and private key appear in pairs, and their relationship is just like the bank card number and password. A bitcoin address is like a bank card number, which records how much bitcoin you have on it. You can generate bitcoin address at will to store bitcoin. When each bitcoin address is generated, a corresponding private key of the address will be generated. This private key proves that you have ownership of the bitcoin at that address. We can simply understand the bitcoin address as the bank card number, and the private key of the address as the password of the corresponding bank card number. Only when you know the bank password can you use the money on the bank card number. Therefore, please keep your address and private key when using bitcoin wallet

after the transaction data of bitcoin is packaged into a "data block" or "block", the transaction is initially confirmed. When a block is linked to a previous block, the transaction is further confirmed. After six block confirmations in a row, the transaction was irreversibly confirmed. Bitcoin P2P stores all transaction history in a "blockchain.". The blockchain continues to extend, and once new blocks are added to the blockchain, they will not be removed. Blockchain is actually a distributed database composed of a group of scattered client nodes and all participants, which is a record of all bitcoin transaction history. Nakamoto predicts that when the amount of data increases, users hope that not all the data will be stored in their own nodes. In order to achieve this goal, he uses the hash function mechanism. In this way, the client will be able to automatically eliminate those parts that it will never use, such as some very early bitcoin transactions

3.

Mine disaster refers to the accident in the process of mining, which usually causes great risk of casualties. At least thousands of people die in mine disaster every year in the world. The common mine disasters include: gas explosion, coal st explosion, gas outburst, water leakage accident, mine fire, roof collapse, etc. In 2003, China proced about 35% of the world's coal, but accounted for about 80% of the deaths in coal mine accidents

China is a big coal procing country, a country heavily dependent on coal energy, and also a country with mining disasters. The main causes of the mine disaster are illegal mining, proction errors, equipment aging and faults. Each mine accident shows that solving these problems needs the unified coordination of all levels of departments. Only by constantly strengthening the management of mining, can the occurrence of mine accidents be effectively reced

It is a serious disaster in coal mine proction that gas is mixed with air, oxidizes rapidly at high temperature and proces shock wave. In 1675, a large-scale gas explosion occurred in Mostyn coal mine in England. Since then, major gas or gas and coal st explosion accidents have occurred many times in major coal mining countries. On April 26, 1942, a gas and coal st explosion occurred in Benxi Coal Mine, China, which was occupied by Japan. 1528 people died and 268 people were injured on the spot. It was the largest coal mine explosion in the world. With the development of coal mine proction technology and the improvement of gas control measures, such accidents have been graally reced

the main fire sources of gas explosion in China's coal mines are electric spark and blasting, and the main place of occurrence is mining face. The instantaneous temperature of coal mine gas explosion can reach 1850 ~ 2650 ℃, and the pressure can reach 9 times of the initial pressure. The gas near the explosion source impacts outward at a speed of several hundred meters per second, causing casualties and damage to the roadway and equipment. After the explosion, the oxygen concentration decreases and a large amount of CO2 and Co are generated, which may cause asphyxiation and poisoning

4.

Yes, on June 18 this year, new progress was made in the event of "a family of three of Xinghaiwan bridge jumping off the bridge", which caused a sensation all over the country. According to Nan report, on December 16, defendant Zheng Mou Wei was suspected of intentionally killing his three-year-old daughter, and then attempted to commit suicide by jumping into the sea , and was charged by Dalian prosecutors with "illegally depriving others of their lives, causing one death, and suspected of intentional homicide"

as for the cause of the crime, Zheng said ring the trial that the husband and wife decided to commit suicide because they failed to invest in bitcoin

it is reported that in this case, after killing his daughter, Zheng left a suicide note with his wife and drove to Xinghaiwan bridge, threw his daughter's body down the bridge and jumped into the sea to commit suicide. Zheng was rescued and his wife's body was found later

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Wall Street investment tycoon's view on the special currency market. We should not use any old criteria in determining possible percentage growth. "

he added: "if demand continues to pick up from its current level and supply continues to be constrained, we are likely to see a 250% increase or more in the next few days."

8.

Yes , at about 4:00 on June 18, 2020, Zheng Yiwei cut his daughter's neck with a sharp knife on the bed of the bedroom in the middle and south of his home in a community in Shahekou District, causing his daughter to die of massive bleeding. After wrapping his daughter's body, he came to the No. 18 pier of Xinghaiwan bridge and threw her body down the bridge. Later, Zheng and his wife Wang committed suicide by jumping into the sea. Zheng attempted to commit suicide. At about 10:00 on June 18, he took the initiative to account for the fact of the crime in the second hospital of the University of medicine

Zheng said that after graating from University, he has been engaged in freelancing "playing finance". Bitcoin is his main investment project, making a lot of money and worth tens of millions

however, the huge fluctuation of bitcoin has brought a disaster to Zheng Yiwei. By the beginning of June this year, he had lost more than 20 million yuan e to using capital leverage to participate in speculation“ The money includes four million from my parents and 500000 from my father-in-law and mother-in-law. The rest is my savings and money borrowed from my relatives over the years. " Zheng said

once the hard-working family property was lost, it also owed a large amount of debt to close relatives and friends. Zheng Dawei is going to commit suicide< he said that at first he only intended to die by himself, but later his wife tried to persuade him, but to no avail, and the couple decided to "go together"

faced with the public prosecutor's question, Zheng explained that because of the idea of "want a family together", the couple decided to kill their own daughter first, and then commit suicide by jumping into the sea together. On June 17, he bought sleeping pills at the pharmacy and fed them to his daughter by his wife. Zheng said that before killing his daughter, he had "no heart and hesitated" and first stabbed the plush toy beside the child with a knife

at the end of the trial, the defendant Zheng said that he confessed to the crime of killing his daughter, and said that his wife's suicide was also caused by himself, hoping that the court could give him a heavier sentence

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bitcoin continues to rise sharply. Analysts warn that we need to be careful about the sharp correction in the future:

Tom Demark, a well-known digital currency analyst, said that bitcoin has a total of 9430 points from the high on June 26, 2019 to the low on March 16, 2020. If we add 9430 points to the level on June 26, 2019, Then, it is expected that the price of bitcoin will rise to 23288, which is the current trading range in the market

although bitcoin is expected to recover soon, Demark also admits that if investors continue to pour in, bitcoin may continue its earnings and ignore the signal that the current trend is running out

Matt Maley, chief market strategist of Miller Tabak asset management company, pointed out that since 2016, bitcoin has fallen 20% or more for 10 times, 30% or more for 7 times, and 48% or more for 4 times. Therefore, investors should not underestimate the volatility of bitcoin