BTC mathematical model
the feature of sha256 algorithm used in bitcoin is that it's easy to verify the known answers correctly, but it's very troublesome to get the answers, and you need to try them one by one. The miner who got the answer first was recognized by everyone as having snatched the right to keep accounts, and the reward was given to him. Let's continue to grab the bookkeeping right of the next question
simply speaking, the significance of these calculations only lies in ensuring the stability and security of the whole system, and has no more significance. It is not comprehensive to regard bitcoin as a by-proct of computing. The generation and issuance of bitcoin, all the transactions and circulation in the bitcoin chain, and the stability of the bitcoin system are all the purposes of computing. Of course, in addition to maintaining the system, it does not proce other value and procts. This is also a black spot where bitcoin is accused of not being environmentally friendly and wasting resources
in general, bitcoin, as a milestone blockchain digital currency, comes from the huge value of a large amount of computing power investment and user trust. There is no doubt about that.
Based on these two situations, price fluctuation seems to occur within 18 months after each halving. However, the data is still insufficient for proper analysis and price forecasting model
Will history repeat itself< p> It is important to note that in terms of the number of bitcoin holders, market value, regulations and the overall outlook for cryptocurrency, there are huge differences between 2012, 2016 and 2020. For example:market value: November 2016 - & gt; $11 billion, December 2019 - $132 billion
daily trading volume: November 2016 - & gt; 84 million US dollars, December 2019 - 17 billion US dollars
e to the increased public awareness of bitcoin and the interest of institutional investors, the risk is higher this time. Although many other cryptocurrencies have been introced since 2016, BTC's dominant position is still 66.6%. As a result, the bitcoin miner is unlikely to switch to other coins, which means that halving may have a long-term impact on bitcoin prices
However, the main gain is that there is a certain correlation between the halving of bitcoin reward and the price fluctuation after the event. These supply changes happen every four years, and it's interesting to watch their impact on the price of the bitcoinThe concept of bitcoin was founded by Nakamoto
On December 12, 2010, when bitcoin graally became a hot topic, he quietly left and disappeared from the Internet As a descendant of samurai, Nakamoto was born in 1949 in Beppu, Japan. His mother, quanzi, was a Buddhist and brought him up in poverty When his parents divorced in 1959, Nakamoto's mother remarried and immigrated to California with her three sons. Nakamoto and his stepfather don't get along well, but according to his younger brother Arthur, Nakamoto showed his talent in mathematics and science when he was very young, but also showed his "fickle and strange interest"Nakamoto graated from Caltech, majoring in physics. Upon graation, he joined Hughes Aircraft and worked in defense and electronic communications. Later, Nakamoto worked for the U.S. military, and his experience was classified as a state secret. Now searching his files, his life is a blank
In 2008, in an e-mail group discussing information encryption on the Internet, he published an article outlining the basic framework of the bitcoin system. In 2009, he established an open source project for the system, officially announcing the birth of bitcoin. On December 12, 2010, when bitcoin graally became the climate, he quietly left and disappeared from the Internetthe natural nature of bitcoin is decentralized, but the Central Bank of digital currency must abide by the centralized management model. Compared with bitcoin, the central bank's digital currency has a higher "currency" value, and the price of bitcoin fluctuates greatly. the central bank's digital currency ensures the payment function in daily life, and has remained relatively stable since 2014. Since the beginning of the year, the central bank has been actively engaged in the research and development of digital currency, including the active application of relevant patents
starting from the issue of digital currency, the central bank uses a two-level operating system, which first converts digital currency into banks or other operating institutions, and then to the public. Mu Changchun said the al transmission system is suitable for China's national conditions. We can not only use the existing resources to mobilize the enthusiasm of commercial banks, but also improve the acceptance of digital currency without any problem
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it is estimated that 21 million pieces will be excavated in 2140
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according to the relevant literature of bitcoin, in 2140, 2100 bitcoins will be proced and will not grow any more. According to the principle of bitcoin, after 33 halving periods, the mining output of each block will reach 0.58 Cong, less than the minimum unit of one Cong. The interval of each half rection is 210000 blocks, and the total proction time (2140 years) given in the above literature is calculated from the proction time of each block of 10 minutes 210000 * 10 / 60 / 24 / 365 = 3.9954 * 33 = 132 years. Since 2008, 132 years later, it is 2140 years)
however, the "proction time of each block is 10 minutes" used in the above calculation method is an ideal state, which is only true when the computing power and difficulty of the whole network do not change. Looking at the bitcoin blockchain, it is not difficult to find that bitcoin's whole network computing power has been growing for a long time, and the difficulty of mining has also increased. Therefore, it is not difficult to find out that the above calculation is not tenable and there is a huge error
the shortcomings of the above methods are that they can not accurately predict the change of bitcoin network computing power and the mining speed of bitcoin. The 11.3-day data used in the above calculation method is only the average value from May 2013 to April 5, 2014, and the representativeness is questionable. We can integrate the results of big data analysis and mining machine proction to establish a more accurate mathematical model
utxo is an account model in digital currency, which is different from our current bank account model< Taking transfer as an example, the current situation is:
I want to transfer 2000 yuan to Yiyi. I want to transfer 5000 yuan to her from my China Merchants Bank card. After transferring 2000 yuan to her, 2000 yuan will be dected from my China Merchants Bank account and 3000 yuan will be left
if it's utxo based on bitcoin, the situation is like this:
I have 5000 bitcoin, I transfer 2000 bitcoin to Yiyi, and 2000 bitcoin is consumed, right? be careful! This 2000 is not dected from my 5000 total. Instead, my total bitcoin will be divided into two parts (one is
2000, and the other is 3000). This is called "generating two new utxos": Yiyi takes 2000 bitcoin, and I take 3000 bitcoin myself. 3000 is my change
after the successful transfer, the 2000 bitcoin I gave Yiyi has been used and consumed, so it can no longer be called utxo. However, the 3000 bitcoin I gave my change has not been used yet, so it can also be called utxo, that is, the transaction output that has not been spent. Then, if I have 5000 bitcoins in total and I transfer them all to Yiyi, I just need to generate a new
utxo to Yiyi, and there is no need to change it
based on utxo, every transaction should confirm the situation before bitcoin and check whether bitcoin exists in my utxo. If not, the system will reject your transaction
in this way, the input and output of each transaction are related, which can be traced back to the birth of bitcoin, that is, the source of mining, through utxo
If I want to send the same utxo to two people, the system will only confirm the first one received. Once it is confirmed that utxo has been consumed, you can not transfer it to the next person, thus avoiding the problem of double payment
since the system only confirms the one received first, the problem arises. How does the system know who is first and who is second? Of course, the system knows, because the system has something called "time stamp".