GK bitcoin

1. digital currency generally refers to bitcoin, lightcoin, Puyin, dogcoin, Ethereum and other digital cryptocurrencies. According to media reports, before the Spring Festival, the blockchain based digital bill trading platform promoted by the people's Bank of China has been successfully tested. After the Spring Festival, the digital currency Research Institute of the central bank will also be officially listed. This means that the people's Bank of China will become the first central bank to study digital currency and its real application< It is pyramid selling that has the following behaviors at the same time:
first, it needs to pay the entry fee< Second, we need to develop offline. Need to constantly find partners, and set up a team under the guise of doubling income to ince others
Third, determine how much you will get in return according to the number of people below and their business performance< Article 7 of the regulations on the prohibition of pyramid selling of the State Council is an act of pyramid selling:
(1) organizers or business operators, through development personnel, require the developed personnel to develop other personnel to join, To calculate and pay remuneration (including material rewards and other economic benefits, the same below) to the developing personnel based on the number of the personnel they have directly or indirectly developed in a rolling way, so as to seek illegal benefits
(2) the organizer or business operator, through the developer, requires the developed person to pay fees or pay fees in disguised form by way of subscribing for commodities, so as to obtain the qualification of joining or developing other persons to join and seek illegal interests
(3) the organizer or business operator, through the development personnel, requests other personnel developed by the development personnel to join, forms the relationship between the upper and lower line, and calculates and pays the online remuneration based on the sales performance of the lower line, so as to seek illegal interests.

2.

At present, it is not officially recognized in China, and the specific legal documents have not been issued

The English name of kitcoin is kitcoin, which belongs to the third generation cryptocurrency in architecture, and combines the concepts of original mode, profitability, security and payment. KTC is essentially bitcoin, a virtual currency

according to the regulations on the administration of RMB, the proction and sale of token tickets are prohibited. Because there is no clear judicial interpretation of the definition of token ticket, if bitcoin is included in the "token ticket", the legal prospect of bitcoin in China will face uncertainty

the notice of the Ministry of culture and the Ministry of Commerce on strengthening the management of virtual currency of online games (Wen Shi Fa [2009] No. 20) on June 4, 2009 stated that the application scope of virtual currency of online games was defined for the first time, and the distinction between the current virtual currency of online games and the virtual props in the game was made; At the same time, the notice said that the "notice" stipulates that enterprises engaged in related services must be approved before they can operate

in 2013, the central bank issued the notice on prevention of bitcoin risk, and then it came out that the central bank interviewed more than 10 persons in charge of third-party payment companies, explicitly requiring them not to provide payment and clearing services to bitcoin, lightcoin and other trading websites. The price of bitcoin in China has dropped all the way from about 7000 yuan to 3300 yuan. More analysis said that bitcoin will withdraw from China

this is a kind of investment, and the risk is great, even in our country is not recognized by the state, so we need to be more cautious

extended materials

to prevent the possible money laundering risk of bitcoin

all branches of the people's Bank of China should pay close attention to the trend and trend of bitcoin and other similar virtual commodities with anonymous and cross-border circulation convenience, carefully study and judge the money laundering risk, and study and formulate targeted preventive measures. All branches shall bring into anti money laundering supervision the institutions established according to law and providing bitcoin registration, trading and other services within their jurisdiction, and urge them to strengthen anti money laundering monitoring

Internet stations that provide bitcoin registration and transaction services should fulfill their obligations to fight money laundering, identify users' identities, and require users to register with real names, register name, ID number and other information. p>

all financial institutions, Payment institutions and Internet websites providing bitcoin registration, trading and other services should report to China Anti Money Laundering Monitoring and Analysis Center immediately if they find suspicious transactions related to bitcoin and other virtual commodities, and cooperate with the anti money laundering investigation activities of the people's Bank of China; If any criminal activity clues such as fraud, gambling, money laundering are found using bitcoin, they should report to the public security organ in time

3. Whether it is bitcoin or Ethereum, speculation is speculation. We should not expect speculation to become investment. If we have to regard speculation as investment, we can only rely on luck. There is no skill in it. It's just a blind cat killing a mouse.

4. It is slightly better than the 10 series gtx1050ti and the same as the gtx960. But the power consumption of 770 is relatively high. Although it is cheap now, buy new instead of old.

5. There are only two busy urban areas in Songjiang City, Songjiang New Town and Songjiang old town. The two urban areas are almost the same. Songjiang Jiangnan and Songjiang railway station are both in the old urban area. There are Le road bus station and Songjiang long distance bus station in the old urban area, as well as East station. The new town has No.9 subway station
Dafeng (I can't write it down)

6.

4.3.3.1 expression method of < sup > 14 < / sup > C content there are two commonly used expression methods of

< sup > 14 < / sup > C content, one is specific radioactivity, which is defined as the radioactivity per gram of carbon. The other is "percentage of modern carbon", which is a relative concentration. Its definition formula is:

hydrogeochemistry

Where a < sub > m < / sub > is the specific radioactivity of the sample to be measured; A < sub > s < / sub > is the specific radioactivity of standard sample (modern carbon). According to the international uniform regulations, the standard sample (modern carbon) refers to the carbon in the trees growing from 1840 to 1860 without instrial pollution, and its specific radioactivity is 13.56 DBM / g (disintegration per minute per gram of carbon). In this way, the content of < sup > 14 < / sup > C in the standard sample is 100 PMC. Since it is difficult to obtain this kind of standard sample, modern carbon was redefined as 95% of the activity of < sup > 14 < / sup > C in oxalic acid of National Bureau of standards (NBS) in 1950

The origin of

4.3.3.2 < sup > 14 < / sup > C

in the upper atmosphere, radiocarbon is formed by nitrogen atoms bombarded by secondary neutron stream, and its reaction formula is as follows:

hydrogeochemistry

where n represents neutron; P stands for proton. In this way, < sup > 14 < / sup > C is quickly oxidized to < sup > 14 < / sup > CO < sub > 2 < / sub >, and then participates in the carbon cycle of atmosphere biosphere hydrosphere< Sup > 14 < / sup > CO < sub > 2 < / sub > molecules, together with other gas molecules, arrive at the surface with atmospheric precipitation, replenish surface water and groundwater, enter plant tissues through photosynthesis and absorption of plant roots, and animals obtain constant < sup > 14 < / sup > C supply through eating plants or directly absorbing carbon ions or molecules in the atmosphere and hydrosphere. When the organism died, it stopped absorbing < sup > 14 < / sup > C from the atmosphere; After the < sup > 14 < / sup > C in the hydrosphere forms carbonate precipitation, it no longer exchanges with the carbon in the surrounding medium; Or < sup > 14 < / sup > CO < sub > 2 < / sub > is dissolved in groundwater in the form of carbon dioxide, and after the exchange is stopped, the content of < sup > 14 < / sup > C will decrease e to the decay, so the age can be calculated according to the radioactive decay law

Many natural processes and human activities affect the concentration of < sup > 14 < / sup > C in the atmosphere. Figure 4-3-2 shows the atmospheric concentrations of < sup > 14 < / sup > C over the past 30000 years based on the U / th ages of tree rings and coral reefs. It can be seen from the figure that the concentration of < sup > 14 < / sup > C in the atmosphere has shown a systematic decreasing trend in the past 30000 years, and its variation is more than 40%. In addition, the concentration of < sup > 14 < / sup > C in the atmosphere also has a secondary change, that is, the "suess wiggles" which occurs about once every 200 years, and even an 11 year change cycle which coincides with the cycle of sunspot activity. Of course, compared with the long-term evolution of < sup > 14 < / sup > C concentration, the short-term change amplitude is much smaller

the existing evidence shows that the concentration of < sup > 14 < / sup > C in the atmosphere ranges from 97 to 140 PMC at least, and human activities have a great influence on < sup > 14 < / sup > C in the last century. The combustion of fossil fuels inputs a large amount of dead carbon (without carbon < sup > 14 < / sup > C) into the air, which makes < sup > 14 < / sup > C diluted by 25%. At the same time, since the 1950s, nuclear tests have released a large amount of < sup > 14 < / sup > C into the atmosphere and biosphere (Fig. 4-3-3). As a result, the concentration of < sup > 14 < / sup > C in atmospheric CO < sub > 2 < / sub > has greatly increased, and the peak value in 1963 has reached twice the original value. Similar to tritium, this peak is also a strong evidence that the aquifer receives modern recharge

The half-life of

4.3.3.3 < sup > 14 < / sup > C is T < sub > 1 / 2 < / sub > = 5730 years, and its decay constant is λ= one point two nine one × 10 < sup > - 4 < / sup > / year, Substituting formula (4-3-4), we can get the calculation formula of < sup > 14 < / sup > c age as follows:

Fig. 4-3-2 atmospheric < sup > 14 < / sup > C activity

< P >

Fig. 4-3-3 variation range of tropospheric CO < sub > 2 < / sub > and radiocarbon activity in shallow seawater DIC

hydrogeochemistry

< P >

according to the U / th age of tree rings and coral reefs -4

it should be noted that < sup > 14 < / sup > C dating requires the system to have the following two conditions:

first, the initial concentration of the radioactive parent nucleus is known and has been constant in the past

Secondly, the system is in a closed state after obtaining the initial radioactive parent nucleus, and there is no other carbon source or sink except radioactive decay

if the above two conditions are true, then < sup > 14 < / sup > C dating is only a simple calculation problem. However, in practice, the above two conditions are difficult to meet. It is inevitable that the concentration of < sup > 14 < / sup > C changes through geochemical reactions, whether in soil or in the process of groundwater flow. The most typical reaction is the dissolution of calcite and dolomite

At present, the potential time range of < sup > 14 < / sup > C dating is about 10 T < sub > 1 / 2 < / sub >, or almost 60000 years, which is mainly determined by the analysis accuracy of < sup > 14 < / sup > C. However, the effective time range of < sup > 14 < / sup > C dating is greatly reced e to the poor preservation of the measured materials and the late pollution. For organic matter, the effective measurement range is usually less than 50000 years; For groundwater, it's about 30000 years, and in many cases it's smaller. The dissolution of calcite and dolomite dilutes the original concentration of < sup > 14 < / sup > C in dissolved inorganic matter (DIC) and organic matter (DOC) in water to a great extent. Therefore, it is a very important geochemical problem to study the dissolution process to distinguish the < sup > 14 < / Sup > C decay and < sup > 14 < / sup > C dilution

Fig. 4-3-4 < sup > 14 < / sup > C decay curve

< sup > 14 < / sup > C the dilution effect of chemical reaction can be corrected by dilution factor or dilution ratio Q. suppose that the activity of < sup > 14 < / sup > C in groundwater DIC after calcite dissolution is a < sub > rech < / sub >, and the activity of modern < sup > 14 < / sup > C in soil is a < sub > 0 < / sub >, There are:

hydrogeochemistry

so the corrected decay law is:

hydrogeochemistry

the corresponding age calculation formula is:

hydrogeochemistry

the dilution factor Q in the formula (4-3-18) is related to the dissolution and evolution of carbonate in groundwater. In order to obtain this parameter, many kinds of calculation models have been put forward, including empirical model, tamers model and others δ< Sup > 13 < / sup > c mixed model

(1) the evolution of carbonate in the empirical model

groundwater system generally includes the dissolution of soil CO < sub > 2 < / sub > and the subsequent dissolution of carbonate, that is,

hydrogeochemistry

so DIC in groundwater mainly comes from two sources, one is CO < sub > 2 < / sub > gas from soil, which usually has a certain activity of < sup > 14 < / sup > C; The other is carbonate without < sup > 14 < / sup > C, which will dilute < sup > 14 < / sup > C < sub > soil < / sub > into groundwater

According to Vogel (1970), the dilution of < sup > 14 < / sup > C is closely related to the lithology of the aquifer. He suggested that the following Q empirical values should be used in the reaction (4-3-19): karst system, 0.65-0.75; Fine carbon deposits, 0.75-0.90; Crystal rock, 0.90-1.00

(2) tamers model

this model was proposed by tamers in 1975, which is based on the stoichiometric relationship of carbonate dissolved in groundwater. According to the reaction (4-3-19), the dissolution of CaCO < sub > 3 < / sub > is accompanied by the dissolution of soil CO < sub > 2 < / sub > with the same molar amount. Therefore, 1 / 2 of the procts formed in this way do not contain < sup > 14 < / Sup > C, so the dilution factor can be calculated by the following formula:

hydrogeochemistry

in most groundwater, the pH value of aqueous solution is usually greater than 7, So Q ≈ 0.5. The model is suitable for the situation that the groundwater is closed after the calcite dissolves in the soil zone

3 δ< The mixed model of sup > 13 < / sup > C

< sup > 13 < / sup > C is a good tracer for the evolution of DIC δ< The difference of sup > 13 < / sup > C value provides a reliable method for judging the dilution effect of < sup > 14 < / sup > C (Clark et al., 1997). According to the determination results of DIC in groundwater, CO < sub > 2 < / sub > in soil and < sup > 13 < / sup > C in calcite, the dilution factor Q can be calculated according to the mass balance relationship of < sup > 13 < / sup > C by the following formula:

hydrogeochemistry

where: δ< Sup > 13 < / sup > C < sub > DIC < / sub > is the proportion of dissolved inorganic carbon in groundwater δ< Sup > 13 < / sup > C value; δ< Sup > 13 < / sup > C < sub > soil < / sub > is the main component of soil CO < sub > 2 < / sub > δ< Sup > 13 < / sup > C (usually close to - 23 ‰); δ< Sup > 13 < / sup > C < sub > carb < / sub > belongs to calcite δ< Sup > 13 < / sup > C (close to 0 ‰)

The

formula (4-3-21) is correct only when CO < sub > 2 (soil) < / sub > dissolves in water without significant fractionation, but in common groundwater (pH = 7.5-9.0), compared with the original CO < sub > 2 (soil) < / sub >, the < sup > 13 < / sup > C in groundwater DIC is enriched about 8 ‰. Therefore, δ< Sup > 13 < / sup > C < sub > soil < / sub > DIC in infiltration water δ< Sup > 13 < / sup > C value δ< Sup > 13 < / sup > C < sub > rech < / sub >) and calculated with the following formula:

hydrogeochemistry

here, ε< Sup > 13 < / sup > C < sub > dic-co2 (soil) < / sub > is a < sup > 13 < / sup > C enrichment factor (≈ 8 ‰) in the process of soil CO < sub > 2 < / sub > dissolving in water, which changes with pH value. In this way, the calculation formula of dilution factor is as follows:

hydrogeochemistry

(4) application example

bath et al. (1979) study of Triassic bunter sandstone aquifer in eastern England provides a good example of using radioactive carbon to determine groundwater age under relatively simple geochemical conditions. The bunter sandstone aquifer is a layer of non marine quartzite sandstone (Fig. 4-3-5). The upper and lower strata are water resisting marlstone and mudstone. The aquifer is exposed in the inland area of eastern England and tilts eastward to the lower part of the North Sea. The highland in the outcrop area was just located at the periphery of the glacial ice ring the last glacial maximum, so the melting water of ice and snow was one of the recharge sources of ancient groundwater

The carbonate evolution of groundwater along the flow direction is in the order of M < sub > HCO3 - < / sub > and m < sub > HCO3 - < / sub > respectively δ< It is characterized by the increase of sup > 13 < / sup > C < sub > DIC < / sub >, which is the result of its interaction with trace carbonate in river sediments. The activity of radiocarbon decreased from 40-60 PMC in unconfined aquifer to less than 2 PMC in deep confined water. Figure 4-3-6 shows the opposite evolution trend of < sup > 14 < / sup > C and < sup > 13 < / sup > C. along the flow direction of groundwater, the content of < sup > 14 < / sup > C decreases and decreases δ< The increase of sup > 13 < / sup > C value corresponds to the increase of sup > 13 < / sup > C value. This indicates that the decrease of < sup > 14 < / sup > C content is e to the reaction between groundwater and carbonate in sandstone matrix

according to the data in Fig. 4-3-6, three groups of groundwater can be divided: ① tritiated groundwater with highly varying < sup > 14 < / sup > C and < sup > 13 < / sup > C contents; ② Tritium free groundwater with medium < sup > 14 < / sup > C content (18-42 PMC); ③ Tritium free groundwater with very low content of < sup > 14 < / sup > C (< 5 PMC). The ages of tritiated groundwater (group 1) are 760 to 760 years

7.

1. The core areas include: Huangpu District (Huangpu District, former Nanshi District, former Luwan District), Xuhui District, Changning District, Yangpu District, Hongkou District, Putuo District, Jing'an District (Jing'an District, former Zhabei District) and the outer ring inner urban district of Pudong New Area (the urban area within the outer ring line of Pudong). Puxi seven district is the traditional central city of Shanghai. p> The suburbs include Minhang, Baoshan, Jiading, Qingpu, Songjiang, Jinshan, Fengxian, Pudong New Area and Chongming district

Among them, Minhang and Baoshan are "central urban expansion areas"; Jiading, Qingpu, Songjiang, Jinshan and Fengxian are "new urbanization areas"; Pudong New Area belongs to the "new urban development area". The inner ring area and some central part belong to the central city area of Shanghai, but most other areas such as Chuansha and the former Nanhui area belong to the suburbs. Chongming is a comprehensive ecological development zone

Old Shanghai: Huangpu District, laozha District, lujiawan District, Yimiao District, Shuishang District, Xincheng District, Penglai District, Songshan District, Xujiahui district, Changshu District, Changning District, Jing'an Temple District, fahua District, Putuo District, Zhabei District, Beizhan District, beichuangru district Tilanqiao District, Hongkou District, Yangshupu district (renamed in 1949), Yulin district

4. Classification rules: generally, it is divided by the municipal government according to the terrain or social form

In 1995, Shanghai had 14 districts including Pudong New Area, Xuhui, Changning, Putuo, Zhabei, Hongkou, Yangpu, Huangpu, Nanshi, Luwan, Jing'an, Baoshan, Minhang and Jiading, and 6 counties including Nanhui, Fengxian, Songjiang, Jinshan, Qingpu and Chongming, with 106 streets, 208 towns, 10 townships and 3590 residents' committees 2986 administrative villages. It covers an area of 6340.5 square kilometers, including 6218.65 square kilometers of land and 697 square kilometers of water

At the end of the 20th century, Songjiang County, Qingpu County and Jinshan County were changed into districts

in 2000, the southern urban area was divided into Huangpu District

in January 2001, Fengxian County and Nanhui County were removed to build districts

In 2009, in order to better develop Pudong area, rationally allocate regional economic and social resources, comprehensively optimize the overall layout, and promote the coordinated and healthy development of society, Nanhui District and Pudong New Area were withdrawn to form a new Pudong New Area

On June 8, 2011, the State Council officially approved the adjustment of Shanghai's administrative divisions and agreed to abolish the establishment of Huangpu District and Luwan District and establish a New Huangpu District

On November 4, 2015, Shanghai Municipal People's government announced that Jing'an District and Zhabei District were formally merged to form a new Jing'an District

On July 22, 2016, Chongming County, the only county under the jurisdiction of Shanghai, was transferred from county to district and transformed into Chongming District, which marks that Shanghai bid farewell to the counties under its jurisdiction and a new situation of 16 municipal districts has been formed