Micro wide bitcoin quantization
Publish: 2021-05-21 03:22:01
1. In order to understand the technical principle of bitcoin, we need to understand two important cryptographic techniques: hash code: it converts a long string into a fixed length string, and its conversion is irreversible, that is, it is impossible to guess the original string from hash code. Sha256 is mainly used in bitcoin protocol
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
2. Yes, at present, there is a team specialized in quantitative trading in the market, which can be accessed to the API of the exchange. Some exchanges will also seek institutional cooperation to become market makers and provide liquidity for exchanges.
3. The concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. According to Nakamoto's idea, open source software was designed and released, and P2P network was built on it. Bitcoin is a kind of P2P digital currency. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system
unlike most currencies, bitcoin does not rely on specific currency institutions. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on specific algorithms. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity. The monetary system used to have no more than 10.5 million in four years, after which the total number will be permanently limited to 21 million
bitcoin can be cashed and converted into the currency of most countries. Users can use bitcoin to buy some virtual items, such as clothes, hats and equipment in online games. As long as someone accepts it, they can also use bitcoin to buy real-life items< On February 26, 2014, Democratic Senator Joe Manchin of West Virginia issued an open letter to a number of regulatory authorities of the federal government of the United States, hoping that the relevant institutions would pay attention to the current situation of bitcoin encouraging illegal activities and disrupting the financial order, and take action as soon as possible to completely ban the electronic currency
from 12:00 noon on January 24, 2017, China's three major bitcoin platforms officially began to collect transaction fees.
unlike most currencies, bitcoin does not rely on specific currency institutions. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on specific algorithms. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has a strong scarcity. The monetary system used to have no more than 10.5 million in four years, after which the total number will be permanently limited to 21 million
bitcoin can be cashed and converted into the currency of most countries. Users can use bitcoin to buy some virtual items, such as clothes, hats and equipment in online games. As long as someone accepts it, they can also use bitcoin to buy real-life items< On February 26, 2014, Democratic Senator Joe Manchin of West Virginia issued an open letter to a number of regulatory authorities of the federal government of the United States, hoping that the relevant institutions would pay attention to the current situation of bitcoin encouraging illegal activities and disrupting the financial order, and take action as soon as possible to completely ban the electronic currency
from 12:00 noon on January 24, 2017, China's three major bitcoin platforms officially began to collect transaction fees.
4. Money has the function of value measure and circulation means. There are also storage functions and means of payment
value scale = when you buy something, a bottle of water is one yuan. The one yuan here is the currency of concept, and no one needs to take out one yuan and put it there to tell you that this thing is one yuan
means of circulation = when you want to own this bottle of water, you must give the seller a dollar, instead of just saying "I'll give you a dollar ~"
the function of storage is to store valuable currency (such as gold and silver) at home for future appreciation or use (because it is valuable and not afraid of depreciation). Strictly speaking, RMB is bank notes, a kind of credit currency = no intrinsic value (just a piece of paper) but only use value (its value is guaranteed by government revenue), so RMB cannot be used as a storage means (in case of serious inflation or regime change, it is a pile of waste paper)
means of payment = standard of deferred payment = unilateral transfer of currency. For example, the money that others owed you a few days ago was paid back today.
value scale = when you buy something, a bottle of water is one yuan. The one yuan here is the currency of concept, and no one needs to take out one yuan and put it there to tell you that this thing is one yuan
means of circulation = when you want to own this bottle of water, you must give the seller a dollar, instead of just saying "I'll give you a dollar ~"
the function of storage is to store valuable currency (such as gold and silver) at home for future appreciation or use (because it is valuable and not afraid of depreciation). Strictly speaking, RMB is bank notes, a kind of credit currency = no intrinsic value (just a piece of paper) but only use value (its value is guaranteed by government revenue), so RMB cannot be used as a storage means (in case of serious inflation or regime change, it is a pile of waste paper)
means of payment = standard of deferred payment = unilateral transfer of currency. For example, the money that others owed you a few days ago was paid back today.
5. 1. Value scale -- the function of currency to express the value of goods and measure the quantity of the value of goods
money performs the function of value measurement, which is to show the value of all commodities as a certain amount of money. This is because money itself is a commodity and has value. All kinds of goods are the condensation of social labor with the same quality, so labor time is the intrinsic value measure of goods. This kind of intrinsic value can be compared, but it can't show itself. In the process of commodity exchange, when money performs the function of value measurement to measure the value of other commodities, and makes all kinds of commodity values behave as a certain amount of money, money becomes the external manifestation of commodity value
2. Means of circulation: in commodity circulation, money serves as the medium of commodity exchange
the circulation function of money is developed in commodity exchange. Before the emergence of money, commodity exchange took the form of direct exchange. After the emergence of money, it becomes the commodity circulation with money as the medium, which makes the direct commodity exchange into two processes. Any commodity procer must first sell goods for money (w-g), and then use money to buy back the needed goods (G-W). In the commodity exchange composed of these two processes, money acts as the medium of exchange activities. The function of this kind of medium commodity exchange is the function of currency circulation means
3. Storage means: the function of money withdrawal from circulation as an independent value form and the general representative of social wealth
the function of money storage means is graally improved in practice. At first, it was shown as simple money storage. The procer changed surplus procts into money in order to save his surplus procts with money. With the development of commodity proction, in order to make it easy for commodity procers to buy commodities that can maintain proction and life at any time, money storage is mainly manifested as the storage of exchange value. When commodity circulation expands to all fields, the one who owns money can buy everything he needs. At this time, money storage is manifested as money storage of social power. But the money storage for any purpose must be the enough money with value entity
4. Means of payment: the function of money as an independent form of value in unilateral movement
the function of money as a means of payment was initially generated to meet the needs of commodity proction and exchange. Because the proction cycle of different commodities is different, and the distance from the place of origin to the place of sale is different, in order to ensure the continuous reproction process, some commodity procers need to sell goods on credit. When the debt is settled on the appointed date, money has the function of payment means. Later, with the development of commodity exchange and credit economy, the function of money as a means of payment has become increasingly common, not only beyond the field of commodity circulation, but also into people's daily life, such as for the payment of government rent, rent, wages, taxes and so on
5. World currency -- the currency as a general equivalent in the world market
with the emergence and development of international exchanges, currency has the function of world currency when it circulates in the world market. In addition to the function of value measurement, the world currency also performs the following functions: as a means of purchase, it is used internationally to purchase foreign goods; As a general means of payment, it is used to pay international debts, interest and other unproctive payments to balance the international balance of payments; As the representative of social wealth, it is used to pay war reparations, export monetary capital, etc., and transfer from one country to another.
money performs the function of value measurement, which is to show the value of all commodities as a certain amount of money. This is because money itself is a commodity and has value. All kinds of goods are the condensation of social labor with the same quality, so labor time is the intrinsic value measure of goods. This kind of intrinsic value can be compared, but it can't show itself. In the process of commodity exchange, when money performs the function of value measurement to measure the value of other commodities, and makes all kinds of commodity values behave as a certain amount of money, money becomes the external manifestation of commodity value
2. Means of circulation: in commodity circulation, money serves as the medium of commodity exchange
the circulation function of money is developed in commodity exchange. Before the emergence of money, commodity exchange took the form of direct exchange. After the emergence of money, it becomes the commodity circulation with money as the medium, which makes the direct commodity exchange into two processes. Any commodity procer must first sell goods for money (w-g), and then use money to buy back the needed goods (G-W). In the commodity exchange composed of these two processes, money acts as the medium of exchange activities. The function of this kind of medium commodity exchange is the function of currency circulation means
3. Storage means: the function of money withdrawal from circulation as an independent value form and the general representative of social wealth
the function of money storage means is graally improved in practice. At first, it was shown as simple money storage. The procer changed surplus procts into money in order to save his surplus procts with money. With the development of commodity proction, in order to make it easy for commodity procers to buy commodities that can maintain proction and life at any time, money storage is mainly manifested as the storage of exchange value. When commodity circulation expands to all fields, the one who owns money can buy everything he needs. At this time, money storage is manifested as money storage of social power. But the money storage for any purpose must be the enough money with value entity
4. Means of payment: the function of money as an independent form of value in unilateral movement
the function of money as a means of payment was initially generated to meet the needs of commodity proction and exchange. Because the proction cycle of different commodities is different, and the distance from the place of origin to the place of sale is different, in order to ensure the continuous reproction process, some commodity procers need to sell goods on credit. When the debt is settled on the appointed date, money has the function of payment means. Later, with the development of commodity exchange and credit economy, the function of money as a means of payment has become increasingly common, not only beyond the field of commodity circulation, but also into people's daily life, such as for the payment of government rent, rent, wages, taxes and so on
5. World currency -- the currency as a general equivalent in the world market
with the emergence and development of international exchanges, currency has the function of world currency when it circulates in the world market. In addition to the function of value measurement, the world currency also performs the following functions: as a means of purchase, it is used internationally to purchase foreign goods; As a general means of payment, it is used to pay international debts, interest and other unproctive payments to balance the international balance of payments; As the representative of social wealth, it is used to pay war reparations, export monetary capital, etc., and transfer from one country to another.
6.
explanation
"bad money expels good money" means that when a country circulates two kinds of money with different real value but unchanged legal price at the same time, the money with high real value (good money) is bound to be melted, collected or exported and withdraw from the circulation field, while the money with low real value (bad money) fills the market instead
for example
in the 16th century England, precious metals were not enough for coinage, so other metals had to be added to the newly minted coins. Therefore, there were two kinds of currencies in the market at that time, one was the currency without impurities, the other was the currency added to other metals. Although the legal value of the two currencies is equal, people can identify them, store the money without impurities, and trade the money with impurities. Therefore, the good money on the market is graally stored and reced circulation, leaving only the bad money in the market Good money here refers to money without impurities.)
7. First of all, try to scrape up 5W yuan
then, find an outsourcing company.
then, find an outsourcing company.
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