Bitcoin white paper by Nakamoto
the price of bitcoin is always floating, so the price of bitcoin for RMB is always changing. From the beginning, a few years ago, when bitcoin was converted into RMB, it was only one to several, and finally it graally developed to one to more than ten, and then to one to dozens. At this time, it has been very shocking, and many people think it is a very strange phenomenon, As a virtual currency, although many people don't know what its main function is, most people think it's a bit similar to stocks, so they made a series of investments in bitcoin. Until January 2020, the value of bitcoin has grown crazily, rising to nearly 1:47000 this growth rate has exceeded most excellent stocks. Many people are shocked and often want to understand why this phenomenon occurs. In fact, my analysis is mainly caused by the following reasons:
3 Of course, one of the main reasons why the price of bitcoin has risen so fast is also related to the psychology of chasing up and killing down. For example, when many stocks have been rising, more people will buy them, but when they are falling, many people withdraw because of fear. So far, bitcoin's rise is still very large, Therefore, some people think it has investment value, so they have been buying it
2 FORTRAN 95 programming, written by Peng Guolun
3 Introction to FORTRAN 77 and 90 / 95 programming, written by Ding Zejun
4. Out of control: the new biology of machines, society and economy
5. Necessity, written by Kevin Kelly, mentions 12 inevitable trends in the next 20 years
6. Master bitcoin, this book will provide you with the necessary knowledge to guide you into the bitcoin world
7. blockchain revolution, written by don Tapscott and Alex Tapscott, tells how the underlying technology of bitcoin has changed money, business and the world
8. Blueprint and guide of blockchain new economy, written by Melanie Swann
9. Blockchain: the concept of quantum wealth, written by Han Feng / Zhang Xiaomei
10. Logic of finance, The author is Chen Zhiwu. The work starts from the cultural and institutional genes of wealth in simple terms, so as to tell readers what the logic of finance is
related books include principles of economics, blockchain: technology driven finance, blockchain Revolution: how bitcoin's underlying technology can change money Business and the world, blockchain technology guide, illustrated blockchain, how blockchain will redefine the world, digital currency: bitcoin data reporting and operation guide, blockchain: from digital currency to credit society, intelligent age, etc. to be honest, blockchain is still a hot resource. It's mainly about judgment (whether it's valuable) and action (to get in early)
recommends a block chain related APP, called golden finance, recommends a public official account, called "Xiao Ke online". The article is rich in materials;
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on November 1, 2008, at this historic moment, a person who called himself Nakamoto Tsung published a paper called "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system" on the Internet, in which he described a new digital currency system: bitcoin
bitcoin system is a decentralized digital currency system, which solves the issue and circulation problem of constant amount of money without a central institution. By transferring money through bitcoin system, information is open and transparent, and bitcoin can be safely transferred to people at the other end of the earth. Every transfer information will be recorded by the whole network. The white paper also marks the birth of bitcoin's underlying technology blockchain< br/>
who is Craig Steven Wright< Craig Wright, a 45 year old Australian born in 1970, has many different identities: he has a doctorate in theology, worked as a guest lecturer and researcher in computer science at Charlotte University, wrote many books, and is the CEO and founder of many companies, Most of these companies are in the field of virtual currency or computer network security
now, he has a new label for himself: the father of bitcoin<
looking for the father of bitcoin
the father of bitcoin is a god like existence. He is the first to publish the white paper of bitcoin and write the earliest version of bitcoin. Countless people admire his exquisite design ideas and neat code structure, but no one has ever seen him in reality
what people know is only a character with the pseudonym of Satoshi Nakamoto. He created bitcoin, but he hides his identity on the Internet and only communicates with the outside world through electronic means. No one ever knows who he is. In 2011, he said that he had a new project, and since then, he has faded out of the daily maintenance and development of bitcoin. Later maintainers even contributed more code than him in the project. However, since the emergence of bitcoin in 2009, people have never given up looking for the real identity of the father of bitcoin
the conjecture has never been interrupted. In view of the fact that there are very few traces of Satoshi Nakamoto, people can only find his existence from the only traces. Some people speculate that he is British, because there are English expressions like "bloody hard" in his words. Others speculate that he lives in the eastern time zone of the United States according to the timestamps of his few emails. Others speculate that he is a socialist in the Netherlands and a mathematician in Japan according to his ideas and pseudonyms, It's Irish students... Among all the suspects, Nick Szabo and Hal Finney are the two most widely suspected, and even appeared in new Yorker and Newsweek. However, the former denies that the latter is no longer alive. Even some people think that bitcoin's exquisite design must have come from a team. Satoshi Nakamoto is a group of people, not a person
ring this period, countless people jumped out and claimed to be the father of bitcoin, and were found to be pranks or scams countless times. This time, Craig Wright took the initiative to show his identity to the BBC, the economist and GQ. Will he end the mystery< This is not the first time Craig Wright has been associated with Satoshi Nakamoto, the father of bitcoin. At the end of last year, someone anonymously reported to wired and Gizmodo that Craig Wright was most likely the father of bitcoin. They provided Craig Wright with many emails, phone calls, financial records and so on. All kinds of signs show that Craig Wright and bitcoin are inextricably linked<
however, shortly after the report was published, wire overturned this conclusion based on some back tone situations: they found that Craig Wright's claim on LinkedIn that his degree did not match the facts, and his company claimed to have purchased supercomputers from SGI, which was also denied by the latter. Since then, the search for the father of bitcoin has been temporarily deadlocked. What's more, almost at the same time as the news, the Australian tax authorities launched a surprise investigation into Craig Wright and his company, but no one ever knew the specific reasons and results of the investigation. Craig Wright remained silent throughout the incident, but left Australia to work in his London office
until today, six months later, on May 2, 2016, he took the initiative to stand up and claimed on his blog that he was Satoshi Nakamoto, the father of bitcoin
why now
Craig Wright told the economist that he didn't disclose his identity for the sake of fame, but just to correct the public misunderstanding of him. According to him, in the months of silence, all kinds of public unfounded suspicions not only affected him and his work, but also his family, employees and everything. In addition, he also wants to break people's negative views and misunderstandings about bitcoin
if he is really Satoshi Nakamoto, his wealth is amazing. At present, the value of bitcoin in circulation is about US $7 billion, and Satoshi Nakamoto, as the earliest prospector of bitcoin, is estimated to hold as much as US $450 million in bitcoin on hand, although with the disappearance of Satoshi Nakamoto, the money seems to be covered with st and has never been transferred. Craig Wright said that with his comeback, without affecting the exchange rate of bitcoin, he will slowly turn this money into cash for his research projects
Why did you think of using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto at that time? Craig Wright says the name comes from a 17th century Japanese philosopher and businessman, Tominaga Nakamoto, who started a critical movement against rules and supported free trade. As for why Satoshi, Craig Wright didn't give a positive answer, but told reporters that he wanted to keep this part mysterious
however, since you have chosen the bright identity, how much mystery can you keep<
uncover the mystery
in view of all kinds of doubts that Craig Wright suffered at the end of 2015, it is obvious that more strict examination is needed to prove that he is the father of bitcoin this time. The economist tries to find out whether what he said is true through four questions:
does Craig Wright have evidence to prove that he is Satoshi Nakamoto? For example, only Satoshi Nakamoto has the key
What's the explanation for the queries and loopholes we encountered last time
as the father of bitcoin, is it true that it has the matching technology and strength background
do you believe the people in the circle who have had contact with Satoshi Nakamoto online
it's easy and difficult for Craig Wright to proce evidence that only Satoshi Nakamoto himself can have. Here I want to mention the basic composition of bitcoin. Just like a bank account, everyone can have multiple bitcoin accounts, and each independent bitcoin account has two key components: 1) a string of bitcoin addresses composed of 27-34 letters or numbers; 2) A private key for encryption and authentication; The holder of bitcoin can generate a digital signature by encrypting information with his private key. In addition, bitcoin as a kind of currency, in order to achieve incremental, it must rely on mining, and the ability of mining comes from your computer computing power. They are the banknote printing machines in the bitcoin world. Every new mine will be bound with its corresponding bitcoin address. As the first miner, Satoshi Nakamoto should have these private keys. In addition, Satoshi Nakamoto was the first person to trade bitcoin. In that year, he transferred the bitcoin g up in block 9 to Hal Finney, who was also suspected to be the father of bitcoin and is no longer alive
therefore, according to the strength of the evidence, Craig Wright should basically have the private key of jiukuang, and it would be better if he could provide earlier mining areas. And if he can transfer another account, it will be more credible
in the process of verification, Craig Wright encrypted a segment of Jean Paul Sartre's speech in 1964 when he refused to accept the Nobel Prize for literature with the private key of jiukuang, and published the process on his blog. At the same time, he showed the economist the verification process of Yikuang in private, and there were two witnesses in the whole process: Jon matonis and Gavin Andresen, both members of the bitcoin foundation, who once served as the chief developer of the whole bitcoin community after Satoshi Nakamoto faded out
but the problem is that the encrypted text is prepared in advance, which does not mean Craig Wright really has a corresponding private key, but may have been generated in advance. In addition, Craig Wright did not make a real transfer. According to him, the bitcoin in his name is currently in the name of a trust, and he can't use it directly. In this case, the Economist asked whether they could provide a piece of encrypted information, but Craig Wright refused. To sum up, he meant: I've demonstrated so much, believe it or not
in addition, with regard to previous resumes, Craig Wright said that some of the resumes previously written on LinkedIn were not true, but his purpose was not to disclose too much personal information and deliberately create smoke bombs. According to his latest resume, he does have three master's degrees at Charlotte University, a doctoral dissertation in computer science is under review, and he is also studying for a master's degree in finance at the University of London. These qualifications and work experience have been basically confirmed<
as for whether they actually bought supercomputers, Craig Wright provided an explanation from the SGI agency in Australia. Although SGI headquarters far away in Silicon Valley denied the existence of the transaction, they did not deny it. It may also be a grey transaction through informal channels, and they did not comment on it
as for the tax department, Craig Wright directly denied all conspiracy theories and said that he was not involved in any financial crimes or tax evasion. The Australian authorities only discussed with him about the tax laws of bitcoin on some projects he carried out, such as bitcoin bank. He left Australia for the UK only because London is better suited to run a technology finance company< However, it seems that things are not so simple
Craig Wright is a text lover with nearly 100 conference reports, articles and books. In addition to most of the short stories related to computer security, other words cover a wide range of fields: economy, terrorism, risk management and so on. He said that he had several papers on bitcoin under review, and the economist had read some of them. In their original words, although not extraordinary, it was OK
based on Craig Wright's large amount of words, Juola & Associates, a stylistic analysis company, compares Craig Wright's words with the bitcoin white paper published on the Internet by Satoshi Nakamoto
it's reproced from lightcoin house
recently, a news about the inventor of bitcoin Satoshi Nakamoto's appearance in California made the whole instry fall into the crazy pursuit of this "mysterious man" again, but this news was finally proved to be untrue. Unlike the inventor of bitcoin, the identity of Charles Lee, the inventor of lightcoin, has always been clear. Recently, he received an exclusive interview with the reporter of the first financial daily
BTC China (bitcoin China), the world's largest bitcoin trading platform, also officially launched lightcoin trading on March 4. This virtual currency is likely to become the most popular cryptocurrency after bitcoin<
Mr. Nakamoto "shows up"
Newsweek reported on Thursday that Mr. Nakamoto lives in temple, east of Los Angeles, California. His real name is Dorian Satoshi Nakamoto. The 64 year old, who owns $400 million worth of bitcoin, doesn't live in luxury, the report said. He graated from Caltech with a degree in physics and seems to have the necessary skills to develop cryptocurrency. In addition, he was involved in safety and communications at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
in an interview with the associated press, Nakamoto said that the media misunderstood this. Nakamoto said he had never heard of bitcoin. He firmly denied that he was the inventor of bitcoin. He repeatedly stressed: "I have nothing to do with bitcoin."<
it's not so important who Nakamoto is.
bitcoin fans' expectations of Nakamoto's appearance have failed again. However, recently, a reporter from China business daily interviewed Charles Lee, the founder of the virtual currency lightcoin, whose trading volume and market value are second only to bitcoin. For the reports that the media are eager to lift the veil of Nakamoto, Lee thinks that it doesn't matter who Nakamoto is. People just need to pay attention to the fact that bitcoin itself is valuable
Lee is currently working for a company dedicated to the development of bitcoin trading platform and wallet“ I think the success of lightcoin and bitcoin complement each other. Working on bitcoin is also good for the success of lightcoin. " He said
"before I knew about bitcoin, I had been investing in gold, which I think is a good way to fight inflation. But I came into contact with bitcoin three years ago. I think it is digital gold, and it has many other advantages compared with gold. For example, bitcoin can be infinitely divided and sent to other people without cost, but it also has a disadvantage compared with gold, that is, there is no corresponding physical object. " Lee said
in fact, Lee's first counterfeit coin project is not Wright coin, but fairbrix virtual coin. Fairbrix is a clone of tenebrix, a virtual currency. Tenebrix was founded in 2011. However, Lee believes that the developers of tenebrix dig up their own coins and collect 7 million tenebrix for themselves before they officially release tenebrix. This is very unfair“ Therefore, the community is interested in creating a zero pre mining tenebrix clone to make it more equitable. " Lee said
unlike bitcoin, the workload proof function of fairbrix written by Lee uses the crypt encryption algorithm instead of the SHA-256 encryption function adopted by bitcoin. Unfortunately, fairbrix is a failed project
but Lee's next attempt at counterfeit money was a success. In October 2011, he launched lightcoin, which integrates the code of bitcoin client and eliminates the program failure of killing fairbrix
there are many important differences between lightcoin and bitcoin. Unlike bitcoin's 21 million cap, lightcoin's cap is 81 million. In order to make the "mining" activity more democratic, lightcoin also integrates the workload proof crypt encryption algorithm from tenebrix project
"the advantage of scrypt design is that it can participate in" mining "by using CPU instead of using integrated circuit (ASIC) like bitcoin, which is the so-called expensive" mining machine. " "The relationship between bitcoin and lettercoin is more complementary than competitive," Lee said. In different situations, people can use different virtual currencies. For example, when shopping, you can use lightcoin to pay, because its transaction confirmation time is shorter, and when making large amount transfers, you can choose bitcoin, because it is more secure. "
when talking about other counterfeit currencies, Lee said that many of them are just scams and tools for developers to make money. He has not found other counterfeit currencies that can "compete" with bitcoin yet“ Ordinary investors can judge whether a counterfeit coin is worth investing from two aspects. First, it depends on the number of coins g up in advance. If developers have a lot of such counterfeit coins in advance, they are likely to make profits from them; The second is whether the developers are serious about the program. " Lee added. In addition, he expressed his interest in an unpublished virtual currency Ethereum, which may have a place in the future virtual currency world
it is worth mentioning that BTC China officially launched the lightcoin transaction on March 4. According to the data provided by bitcoin China, on the day of its launch, the number of visits to the website surged, with a total transaction volume of more than 30 million yuan in three days. Lee believes that bitcoin's launch in China further illustrates the fact that it is the most popular cryptocurrency after bitcoin.
on November 1, 2008, a mysterious cryptography geek named Satoshi Nakamoto released the white paper
in January 2009, bitcoin was born, so this white paper is the origin of bitcoin
Internet search: "sister coin teaches you bitcoin" or "sister coin"