Bitcoin block too large
Publish: 2021-05-19 17:20:31
1. Now there are potential solutions. More nodes help make bitcoin network faster, healthier and more resistant to censorship. Decentralization is one of the core principles of blockchain based cryptocurrency. Fortunately, there are more potential solutions to solve this problem, which can make it easier for users to run a full node
first of all, the cost of hard disk has dropped from the lowest of US $0.025/gb in 2017 to US $0.15/gb, a 40% drop in three years. If this rate of decline continues, then by 2022, the decline rate of hard disk home will be faster than the growth rate of bitcoin, because over time, hosting a full node will be more economical
however, there are some technical solutions to solve this problem, which can rece the storage burden of the whole node. One of the most common solutions is light node. These nodes use a simplified payment verification method to verify transactions. Users only need to download a small part of the blockchain, but they need to rely on the third-party full node hosting the whole blockchain.
first of all, the cost of hard disk has dropped from the lowest of US $0.025/gb in 2017 to US $0.15/gb, a 40% drop in three years. If this rate of decline continues, then by 2022, the decline rate of hard disk home will be faster than the growth rate of bitcoin, because over time, hosting a full node will be more economical
however, there are some technical solutions to solve this problem, which can rece the storage burden of the whole node. One of the most common solutions is light node. These nodes use a simplified payment verification method to verify transactions. Users only need to download a small part of the blockchain, but they need to rely on the third-party full node hosting the whole blockchain.
2. Today (January 3) is bitcoin's "birthday"; It was on January 3, 2009, nine years ago that the "Genesis block" was born in the bitcoin blockchain network, that is, the groundbreaking block # 0, "Block 0".
3. Triporg travel: a travel service application using blockchain, which provides booking services such as air tickets and train tickets.
4. The credit problem of central system
5. Detailed process of mining right price evaluation
1. Copy of the business license (plicate) of the mining enterprise of the evaluation client*
2. The of the mining license * or the approval document for delimiting the scope of the mining area, and the map of the mining area based on the topographic and geological map or geological map and demarcated by rectangular coordinates*
3. Reserve verification report, reserve review record certificate, *
4. Development and utilization scheme / (pre) feasibility study report / preliminary design and its review opinions or approval documents*
5. A complete set of financial statements for the three years before the base date of evaluation, at least providing the statistical table of output and sales price of mineral procts, sales revenue, cost of fixed assets and current assets and other major technical and economic indicators*
6. Basic information of the mine (including the nature of the enterprise, technical personnel, staff, registered capital, historical evolution, evolution of subordinate relationship, acquisition method, time and change of mining right, evaluation purpose and related process of mining right, proction and operation, etc.)
7. Information on the previous evaluation and price disposal of mining rights, including copies of previous evaluation reports, confirmation or filing documents of evaluation results, and documents on price disposal of mining rights (contracts or agreements and payment vouchers)
8. The plan of the nearest roadway project and the plan of reserves of the mine; 9. Copies of the annual mineral proct settlement sheet (main batch) or sales contract or sales invoice on the base date of evaluation
10. Traffic location map of the mining area, comprehensive geological and mineral plan (topographic and geological map indicating the scope of the mining area), reserve calculation map, typical profile of main ore body (exploration line profile), development system plan diagram and mining and beneficiation process flow chart
11. The mining volume of the mine from the deadline of reserves calculated in the geological exploration report / reserves verification report to the base date of evaluation. The appraisal of mineral rights can be divided into three stages, namely, the entrusted appraisal stage, the appraisal stage and the appraisal result confirmation or filing stage
first, the stage of entrusted evaluation. In this stage, the evaluation client and the evaluation institution are the leading ones< The appraisal client and the appraisal trustee can be people with different appraisal purposes, mainly including the administrative authority of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the applicant of the mining right that intends to apply for registration of the mining right, the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the transferee of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, and the creditor when setting the mortgage of the mining right, Mining right holders who plan to restructure or go public. Generally speaking, anyone can entrust the appraisal of mining right, but if the appraisal result is used as the basis for collecting the price of mining right when the mining right is transferred, the administrative organ that transfers the mining right must be the appraisal principal; If it is necessary to apply for confirmation or filing for the purpose of transferring the mining right of the state funded exploration of the mining origin, the mining right owner must be the evaluation client. In short, there are only the right holders (the administrative organ of mining right transfer and the right holder) who have the right to dispose of the mining right of the proved ore procing area, so the evaluation must be entrusted by the right holders. In addition, it is their own right and choice for the relevant person to entrust to evaluate the mining right, but the follow-up procere will be different from the former
2. Entrustment and entrustment are service economic and legal relations established through the contract signed by both parties or the power of attorney issued by the client. When dealing with the entrusted matters, the client should explain the purpose, object, scope, ownership and investment nature of the entrusted appraisal. The appraisal institution should also explain the relevant provisions of mining right appraisal to the client, ask relevant questions and remind relevant matters. When both parties reach an agreement on the entrustment matters, they can sign the entrustment contract for mining right evaluation, or the entrustment party can issue the entrustment letter. The entrustment contract of mining right appraisal should comply with the general provisions of the contract law of the people's Republic of China. In the contract of entrustment for appraisal, the appraisal object, appraisal scope, appraisal purpose, required items, completion time, appraisal base date, rights, obligations and commitments of both parties, legal responsibilities, etc. shall be specified
Second, the evaluation stage is dominated by the evaluation institution. The main work of this stage is as follows:
(1) the mining right appraisal organization accepting the entrustment should form an appraisal working group to determine a mining right appraiser as the project leader, and the professional composition of the members of the appraisal working group should be suitable for the characteristics of the appraisal object and the appraisal method. The evaluation team went to the client's place for the following preparatory work: (1) listen to the client's detailed introction of the evaluation object, including the registration and change history of the evaluation object, the historical evolution of geological work, and understand the working time, working unit, nature of work, exploration results obtained, nature of investment, amount of investment, etc. It also includes the exploration and mining activities around the assessment object and the relationship with the assessment object 2) We will go to the scene to investigate the situation of mining rights, understand the topography and mining activities, sample some exploration projects, and inspect mining and mineral processing facilities 3) Investigate and collect the market transaction and market price of local mineral procts 4) Draw up evaluation ideas or technical routes and determine evaluation methods. Collect documents, data and drawings related to the assessment 5) Summarize and sort out the data
(2) the appraisers shall exchange opinions with the client on the first draft of the appraisal report and make necessary adjustments, modifications or supplements. After the final draft, submit the formal evaluation report to the client. The necessary information provided by the client includes: assignment evaluation: the area and geographical coordinates of the exploration area or the opinion on delimiting the mining area; Transfer evaluation: exploration license, or mining license, the supporting documents that can explain the nature of exploration investment; Geological reports and maps of each stage; Relevant documents proving the resources / reserves within the scope of exploration license or mining license; Mine enterprise registration, statistics and reported reserves change report. The main data collected by the appraisal institution include: the development and utilization plan of mineral resources or (pre) feasibility study report or preliminary design and relevant approval documents; Mineral processing process and proct plan; Statistical report of actual indicators such as mining recovery rate, ore dilution rate, beneficiation recovery rate, concentrate yield, etc; Statistical report on recovery of associated and symbiotic ores, etc< According to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the provisions of relevant documents of the State Council, the appraisal results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether the appraisal is transfer or transfer, must be confirmed or filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council. Therefore, the confirmation and filing stage of the evaluation results only corresponds to the broken property rights formed by the state funded exploration; It is a necessary procere and is evaluated by the obligee as the client. In addition, according to the Interim Provisions of the Ministry of land and resources on the administration of the transfer of mining rights, no matter what the nature of the original investment is, the administrative organs of mining rights need to evaluate and confirm or record the evaluation results< (1) the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights have explicitly authorized the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council to confirm the evaluation results of mining rights funded by the state, that is, the Ministry of land and resources. The confirmation of mining right evaluation results can be divided into two forms: direct confirmation by the Ministry of land and resources and entrusted confirmation. The Ministry of land and resources confirmed that the mining right issued by the Ministry of land and resources, the mining right stocks listed, and the proction scale of large and medium-sized enterprises transferred in the form of bidding. Entrustment confirmation: other mining right appraisal and confirmation work other than that confirmed by the Ministry of land and resources shall be entrusted to the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. After confirmation, the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall fill in the letter of responsibility and submit it to the Ministry of land and resources together with the appraisal report. The Ministry of land and resources shall uniformly number, seal and issue the confirmation letter
(2) according to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the relevant documents of the State Council, the evaluation results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether it is transfer evaluation or transfer evaluation, must be filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council
1. The Ministry of land and resources records the evaluation report of exploration rights according to the proceres of verification, filing and filing
1) according to Article 14 of the Interim Measures for the administration of the evaluation of exploration rights and mining rights and the requirements of the guidelines for the evaluation of mining rights on the format of the evaluation report of mining rights, the staff responsible for the verification and filing of the evaluation report of exploration rights shall carry out the verification. The specific verification contents include: (1) whether the evaluation report is within the scope of filing. The appraisal report of mineral exploration right transfer within the scope of filing must be: the appraisal is entrusted by the organ of mineral exploration right transfer (the valid certificate is the appraisal power of attorney of the organ of mineral exploration right transfer or the appraisal power of attorney contract of both parties); The appraisal object is the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state (according to the announcement of the Ministry of land and resources on the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state). The nature of exploration funds is contributed by the State Finance (Geological Exploration fee, resource compensation fee and special fund) The effective proof document is the mission statement of exploration project. For the newly registered exploration right after the State Council Order No. 240 was issued in 1998, whether the price of exploration right was charged or not at the time of transfer depends on the nature of the exploration fund after this registration, and whether it is within the scope of filing or not, rather than retrospecting the nature of the investment of exploration work before registration. For the exploration rights acquired before February 12, 1998 and extended up to now, it depends on the nature of exploration funds in the whole exploration history.) 2) (3) check whether the format and attachments of the evaluation report are complete and standardized. Whether the evaluation object is an effective exploration right. No problem is found in the above verification, and the next procere will be carried out. In case of any problems found in the above verification, the applicant for record shall be informed in writing, and the evaluation report shall be returned to the applicant for record. The filing applicant shall apply for filing again after solving the problem. If the re verification has met the requirements, enter the next procere
2) the staff responsible for the filing of the evaluation report of exploration right will submit the verified evaluation report together with the approval form for the filing of the evaluation result of exploration right to the director, who will make a decision on whether to approve the filing after review. If the record is approved, the "record verification certificate of prospecting right evaluation report" shall be issued to the record applicant. If the record is not approved, the reasons shall be explained to the applicant in writing, and the evaluation report and relevant documents shall be returned
3) filing: the evaluation reports approved for filing are registered and filed for future reference
2. Evaluation of exploration rights other than those recorded by the Ministry of Geology and mineral resources of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government.
1. Copy of the business license (plicate) of the mining enterprise of the evaluation client*
2. The of the mining license * or the approval document for delimiting the scope of the mining area, and the map of the mining area based on the topographic and geological map or geological map and demarcated by rectangular coordinates*
3. Reserve verification report, reserve review record certificate, *
4. Development and utilization scheme / (pre) feasibility study report / preliminary design and its review opinions or approval documents*
5. A complete set of financial statements for the three years before the base date of evaluation, at least providing the statistical table of output and sales price of mineral procts, sales revenue, cost of fixed assets and current assets and other major technical and economic indicators*
6. Basic information of the mine (including the nature of the enterprise, technical personnel, staff, registered capital, historical evolution, evolution of subordinate relationship, acquisition method, time and change of mining right, evaluation purpose and related process of mining right, proction and operation, etc.)
7. Information on the previous evaluation and price disposal of mining rights, including copies of previous evaluation reports, confirmation or filing documents of evaluation results, and documents on price disposal of mining rights (contracts or agreements and payment vouchers)
8. The plan of the nearest roadway project and the plan of reserves of the mine; 9. Copies of the annual mineral proct settlement sheet (main batch) or sales contract or sales invoice on the base date of evaluation
10. Traffic location map of the mining area, comprehensive geological and mineral plan (topographic and geological map indicating the scope of the mining area), reserve calculation map, typical profile of main ore body (exploration line profile), development system plan diagram and mining and beneficiation process flow chart
11. The mining volume of the mine from the deadline of reserves calculated in the geological exploration report / reserves verification report to the base date of evaluation. The appraisal of mineral rights can be divided into three stages, namely, the entrusted appraisal stage, the appraisal stage and the appraisal result confirmation or filing stage
first, the stage of entrusted evaluation. In this stage, the evaluation client and the evaluation institution are the leading ones< The appraisal client and the appraisal trustee can be people with different appraisal purposes, mainly including the administrative authority of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the applicant of the mining right that intends to apply for registration of the mining right, the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, the transferee of the mining right that intends to transfer the mining right, and the creditor when setting the mortgage of the mining right, Mining right holders who plan to restructure or go public. Generally speaking, anyone can entrust the appraisal of mining right, but if the appraisal result is used as the basis for collecting the price of mining right when the mining right is transferred, the administrative organ that transfers the mining right must be the appraisal principal; If it is necessary to apply for confirmation or filing for the purpose of transferring the mining right of the state funded exploration of the mining origin, the mining right owner must be the evaluation client. In short, there are only the right holders (the administrative organ of mining right transfer and the right holder) who have the right to dispose of the mining right of the proved ore procing area, so the evaluation must be entrusted by the right holders. In addition, it is their own right and choice for the relevant person to entrust to evaluate the mining right, but the follow-up procere will be different from the former
2. Entrustment and entrustment are service economic and legal relations established through the contract signed by both parties or the power of attorney issued by the client. When dealing with the entrusted matters, the client should explain the purpose, object, scope, ownership and investment nature of the entrusted appraisal. The appraisal institution should also explain the relevant provisions of mining right appraisal to the client, ask relevant questions and remind relevant matters. When both parties reach an agreement on the entrustment matters, they can sign the entrustment contract for mining right evaluation, or the entrustment party can issue the entrustment letter. The entrustment contract of mining right appraisal should comply with the general provisions of the contract law of the people's Republic of China. In the contract of entrustment for appraisal, the appraisal object, appraisal scope, appraisal purpose, required items, completion time, appraisal base date, rights, obligations and commitments of both parties, legal responsibilities, etc. shall be specified
Second, the evaluation stage is dominated by the evaluation institution. The main work of this stage is as follows:
(1) the mining right appraisal organization accepting the entrustment should form an appraisal working group to determine a mining right appraiser as the project leader, and the professional composition of the members of the appraisal working group should be suitable for the characteristics of the appraisal object and the appraisal method. The evaluation team went to the client's place for the following preparatory work: (1) listen to the client's detailed introction of the evaluation object, including the registration and change history of the evaluation object, the historical evolution of geological work, and understand the working time, working unit, nature of work, exploration results obtained, nature of investment, amount of investment, etc. It also includes the exploration and mining activities around the assessment object and the relationship with the assessment object 2) We will go to the scene to investigate the situation of mining rights, understand the topography and mining activities, sample some exploration projects, and inspect mining and mineral processing facilities 3) Investigate and collect the market transaction and market price of local mineral procts 4) Draw up evaluation ideas or technical routes and determine evaluation methods. Collect documents, data and drawings related to the assessment 5) Summarize and sort out the data
(2) the appraisers shall exchange opinions with the client on the first draft of the appraisal report and make necessary adjustments, modifications or supplements. After the final draft, submit the formal evaluation report to the client. The necessary information provided by the client includes: assignment evaluation: the area and geographical coordinates of the exploration area or the opinion on delimiting the mining area; Transfer evaluation: exploration license, or mining license, the supporting documents that can explain the nature of exploration investment; Geological reports and maps of each stage; Relevant documents proving the resources / reserves within the scope of exploration license or mining license; Mine enterprise registration, statistics and reported reserves change report. The main data collected by the appraisal institution include: the development and utilization plan of mineral resources or (pre) feasibility study report or preliminary design and relevant approval documents; Mineral processing process and proct plan; Statistical report of actual indicators such as mining recovery rate, ore dilution rate, beneficiation recovery rate, concentrate yield, etc; Statistical report on recovery of associated and symbiotic ores, etc< According to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the provisions of relevant documents of the State Council, the appraisal results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether the appraisal is transfer or transfer, must be confirmed or filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council. Therefore, the confirmation and filing stage of the evaluation results only corresponds to the broken property rights formed by the state funded exploration; It is a necessary procere and is evaluated by the obligee as the client. In addition, according to the Interim Provisions of the Ministry of land and resources on the administration of the transfer of mining rights, no matter what the nature of the original investment is, the administrative organs of mining rights need to evaluate and confirm or record the evaluation results< (1) the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights have explicitly authorized the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council to confirm the evaluation results of mining rights funded by the state, that is, the Ministry of land and resources. The confirmation of mining right evaluation results can be divided into two forms: direct confirmation by the Ministry of land and resources and entrusted confirmation. The Ministry of land and resources confirmed that the mining right issued by the Ministry of land and resources, the mining right stocks listed, and the proction scale of large and medium-sized enterprises transferred in the form of bidding. Entrustment confirmation: other mining right appraisal and confirmation work other than that confirmed by the Ministry of land and resources shall be entrusted to the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. After confirmation, the mining right administrative organs of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall fill in the letter of responsibility and submit it to the Ministry of land and resources together with the appraisal report. The Ministry of land and resources shall uniformly number, seal and issue the confirmation letter
(2) according to the three regulations of the State Council on the management of mining rights and the relevant documents of the State Council, the evaluation results of the mining rights formed by state funded exploration, whether it is transfer evaluation or transfer evaluation, must be filed by the Department in charge of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council
1. The Ministry of land and resources records the evaluation report of exploration rights according to the proceres of verification, filing and filing
1) according to Article 14 of the Interim Measures for the administration of the evaluation of exploration rights and mining rights and the requirements of the guidelines for the evaluation of mining rights on the format of the evaluation report of mining rights, the staff responsible for the verification and filing of the evaluation report of exploration rights shall carry out the verification. The specific verification contents include: (1) whether the evaluation report is within the scope of filing. The appraisal report of mineral exploration right transfer within the scope of filing must be: the appraisal is entrusted by the organ of mineral exploration right transfer (the valid certificate is the appraisal power of attorney of the organ of mineral exploration right transfer or the appraisal power of attorney contract of both parties); The appraisal object is the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state (according to the announcement of the Ministry of land and resources on the mineral land that has been invested and explored by the state). The nature of exploration funds is contributed by the State Finance (Geological Exploration fee, resource compensation fee and special fund) The effective proof document is the mission statement of exploration project. For the newly registered exploration right after the State Council Order No. 240 was issued in 1998, whether the price of exploration right was charged or not at the time of transfer depends on the nature of the exploration fund after this registration, and whether it is within the scope of filing or not, rather than retrospecting the nature of the investment of exploration work before registration. For the exploration rights acquired before February 12, 1998 and extended up to now, it depends on the nature of exploration funds in the whole exploration history.) 2) (3) check whether the format and attachments of the evaluation report are complete and standardized. Whether the evaluation object is an effective exploration right. No problem is found in the above verification, and the next procere will be carried out. In case of any problems found in the above verification, the applicant for record shall be informed in writing, and the evaluation report shall be returned to the applicant for record. The filing applicant shall apply for filing again after solving the problem. If the re verification has met the requirements, enter the next procere
2) the staff responsible for the filing of the evaluation report of exploration right will submit the verified evaluation report together with the approval form for the filing of the evaluation result of exploration right to the director, who will make a decision on whether to approve the filing after review. If the record is approved, the "record verification certificate of prospecting right evaluation report" shall be issued to the record applicant. If the record is not approved, the reasons shall be explained to the applicant in writing, and the evaluation report and relevant documents shall be returned
3) filing: the evaluation reports approved for filing are registered and filed for future reference
2. Evaluation of exploration rights other than those recorded by the Ministry of Geology and mineral resources of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government.
6.
1. During the first phase of the interstellar war, players only need to place the hang up location in the first and second levels of each map, and they will get a crystal ore as well as props. Because the first and second levels can get props once an hour, So players can get 24 crystal ores in one day, and 24 * 7168 crystal ores in seven days
2. During the activity period, players only need to open any treasure box in the mining area to a certain extent to get the crystal ore reward, which is divided into five grades
3. Electronic competition Wallet: ring the activity period, you can get rewards when you recharge to a certain amount, among which you can get crystal ore bag when you recharge more than 30 yuan, and you can get 100 crystal ore when you open the crystal ore bag
accumulatively support 50 crystal ores to obtain: honor fragment * 1000, detonator * 5, troll statue * 5, mysterious stone * 1
7. I went to have a look. Yes, it is. It refers to the quantity that each block can obtain at present. For example, BTC's is 25, which means that at present bitcoin has a reward of 25 coins per block. Biter's expression is not accurate. You can go to Babbitt's currency circle and suggest that biter make corrections.
8.
Bitcoin prices plummeted in the early morning, falling nearly $33 in four hours. The reasons for the decline are as follows:
1 2 3 bitcoin, as an emerging instry, is loved by many people. The financial attributes of bitcoin blockchain can change the future of the Internet, which makes a lot of speculative funds start to speculate compared with bitcoin. After the speculation, they may face great risks. The price of bitcoin plummeted in the early morning, and fell nearly $33 in four hours. The reason for the decline is that the valuation is too high. The market has been panicked. A digital currency can be worth more than 300000 yuan. This is something that many people can't imagine. The key is that such a virtual currency has not been recognized by any government. After the speculation of investment funds, it has been out of business, No one is willing to take over at a high level, which is the main reason for the decline recently, bitcoin led virtual currencies have seen a large-scale rise, which makes a lot of speculative funds make huge profits. At this time, they will sell bitcoin if they want to cash in their profits. If the selling is too big, someone will lower the price, This led to the fall of bitcoin, which led to panic
9.
Bitcoin's sudden big diving in the early morning, now bitcoin has not lost its dominant position in the coin circle
1. bitcoin is that the valuation is too high. Diving is a way to squeeze bubbles. Bitcoin's blockchain technology is the core technology of all virtual currencies, and its status is unshakable 3. The price of bitcoin is still the highest, which is a symbol of identity and status after more than ten years of development, more and more people have a new understanding of bitcoin, which also makes the value of bitcoin slowly reflect. After the sharp rise, the valuation of bitcoin has also caused great controversy, which leads to bitcoin's frequent ups and downs, which makes it difficult for many investors to seize the opportunity of speculation. Bitcoin's sudden big diving in the early morning, now bitcoin has not lost its dominant position in the coin circle. The big drop in bitcoin is e to the high valuation and revaluation, which is a way to squeeze bubbles. The core technology of bitcoin, blockchain, is the core technology of all blockchain technologies, and its status is unshakable. The best thing is that bitcoin is still the highest price despite a big dive, which shows that bitcoin's identity and status in the coin circle have not changed at all the main reason for bitcoin's diving in the morning is that its valuation is too high and it has been adjusted too much. This is a very normal situation. We can't say that bitcoin has lost its dominant position in the currency circle just because of bitcoin's sharp fall, which is very absurd
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