Who wrote the bitcoin algorithm
Publish: 2021-05-18 05:15:16
1. The concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto on November 1, 2008, and was officially born on January 3, 2009. According to the idea of Nakamoto, the open source software is designed and released, and the P2P network on it is constructed. Bitcoin is a virtual encrypted digital currency in the form of P2P. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system
unlike all currencies, bitcoin does not rely on a specific currency institution to issue. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has scarcity
after bitcoin transaction data is packaged into a "data block" or "block", the transaction is initially confirmed. When a block is linked to a previous block, the transaction is further confirmed. After six block confirmations in a row, the transaction was irreversibly confirmed. Bitcoin P2P stores all transaction history in a "blockchain.".
unlike all currencies, bitcoin does not rely on a specific currency institution to issue. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction. The design based on cryptography can make bitcoin only be transferred or paid by the real owner. This also ensures the anonymity of money ownership and circulation transactions. The biggest difference between bitcoin and other virtual currencies is that the total amount of bitcoin is very limited and it has scarcity
after bitcoin transaction data is packaged into a "data block" or "block", the transaction is initially confirmed. When a block is linked to a previous block, the transaction is further confirmed. After six block confirmations in a row, the transaction was irreversibly confirmed. Bitcoin P2P stores all transaction history in a "blockchain.".
2.
The concept of bitcoin was founded by Nakamoto
On December 12, 2010, when bitcoin graally became a hot topic, he quietly left and disappeared from the Internet As a descendant of samurai, Nakamoto was born in 1949 in Beppu, Japan. His mother, quanzi, was a Buddhist and brought him up in poverty When his parents divorced in 1959, Nakamoto's mother remarried and immigrated to California with her three sons. Nakamoto and his stepfather don't get along well, but according to his younger brother Arthur, Nakamoto showed his talent in mathematics and science when he was very young, but also showed his "fickle and strange interest"Nakamoto graated from Caltech, majoring in physics. Upon graation, he joined Hughes Aircraft and worked in defense and electronic communications. Later, Nakamoto worked for the U.S. military, and his experience was classified as a state secret. Now searching his files, his life is a blank
In 2008, in an e-mail group discussing information encryption on the Internet, he published an article outlining the basic framework of the bitcoin system. In 2009, he established an open source project for the system, officially announcing the birth of bitcoin. On December 12, 2010, when bitcoin graally became the climate, he quietly left and disappeared from the Internet3. In order to understand the technical principle of bitcoin, we need to understand two important cryptographic techniques: hash code: it converts a long string into a fixed length string, and its conversion is irreversible, that is, it is impossible to guess the original string from hash code. Sha256 is mainly used in bitcoin protocol
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
4. Friend, if you ask so many questions and ask others not to and paste, why don't you search one by one<
well, who makes me happy to help (ChAT)
refuse to and paste:
1. Bitcoin is a kind of virtual code electronic currency, with a total amount of only 21 million. There are more than 12 million bitcoins generated on the Internet through a mysterious and complex algorithm The origin should be based on the 2008 world financial crisis. A person named Nakamoto Tsung on the Internet put forward an idea: to generate e-money through a mysterious algorithm. The banks or institutions that have not issued this kind of money are completely proced through the participation of everyone on the Internet, so it is decentralized and there is no inflation; Later, in 2009, he established this algorithm and successfully generated e-money. He named it bitcoin
3. No one has issued it. Thousands of people in the world participate in this algorithm through personal computers or mining machines to generate bitcoin. The more bitcoin is calculated, the longer it takes for this algorithm to generate bitcoin
4 I didn't dig it, I just bought it. Bitcoin is just a string, which is stored in bitcoin E-wallet.
5. Tell others this string, and they can extract it into their own wallet.
6. If you want to get it, you are not recommended to dig it yourself. According to the current calculation, the computer is equipped with a 7970 graphics card, 24 hours a day, You can't dig 0.1 bitcoin in a month
so, young man, you'd better go to the bitcoin trading platform and buy one.
PS: at present, the biggest function of bitcoin is as a speculative tool, which is bigger than the futures yield. Of course, high yield is accompanied by high risk, or if you save it for 10 years, maybe the value will be 100 times or nothing. Heaven or hell, all in the minds of all.
well, who makes me happy to help (ChAT)
refuse to and paste:
1. Bitcoin is a kind of virtual code electronic currency, with a total amount of only 21 million. There are more than 12 million bitcoins generated on the Internet through a mysterious and complex algorithm The origin should be based on the 2008 world financial crisis. A person named Nakamoto Tsung on the Internet put forward an idea: to generate e-money through a mysterious algorithm. The banks or institutions that have not issued this kind of money are completely proced through the participation of everyone on the Internet, so it is decentralized and there is no inflation; Later, in 2009, he established this algorithm and successfully generated e-money. He named it bitcoin
3. No one has issued it. Thousands of people in the world participate in this algorithm through personal computers or mining machines to generate bitcoin. The more bitcoin is calculated, the longer it takes for this algorithm to generate bitcoin
4 I didn't dig it, I just bought it. Bitcoin is just a string, which is stored in bitcoin E-wallet.
5. Tell others this string, and they can extract it into their own wallet.
6. If you want to get it, you are not recommended to dig it yourself. According to the current calculation, the computer is equipped with a 7970 graphics card, 24 hours a day, You can't dig 0.1 bitcoin in a month
so, young man, you'd better go to the bitcoin trading platform and buy one.
PS: at present, the biggest function of bitcoin is as a speculative tool, which is bigger than the futures yield. Of course, high yield is accompanied by high risk, or if you save it for 10 years, maybe the value will be 100 times or nothing. Heaven or hell, all in the minds of all.
5. There are mainly two kinds of bitcoin algorithms, which are elliptic curve digital signature algorithm and sha256 hash algorithm
elliptic curve digital signature algorithm is mainly used in the generation process of bitcoin public key and private key, which is the cornerstone of bitcoin system. SHA-256 hash algorithm is mainly used in the workload proof mechanism of bitcoin
the principle of bitcoin generation is the special solution generated by complex operation, and mining is the process of finding the special solution. However, the total number of bitcoin is only 21 million, and with the continuous mining of bitcoin, the more difficult it will be to proce bitcoin, and the cost of acquiring bitcoin may be higher than the price of bitcoin itself
the bitcoin block consists of a block header and the transaction list contained in the block. The size of the block header is 80 bytes, which is composed of 4-byte version number, 32 byte hash value of the previous block, 32 byte Merkle root hash, 4-byte timestamp (current time), 4-byte current difficulty value and 4-byte random number. A block header with a fixed length of 80 bytes is the input string used to prove the workload of bitcoin. Constantly change the random number in the block header, that is, the value of nonce, and do double sha256 operation on the block header after each change, and compare the result value with the target value of the current network. If it is less than the target value, the problem is solved successfully, and the workload is proved to be complete
the essence of bitcoin is actually the unique solution of a set of equations generated by a bunch of complex algorithms. Bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency in the world, which has no specific distribution center. The network of bitcoin is composed of all users, because there is no center to ensure the security of data.
elliptic curve digital signature algorithm is mainly used in the generation process of bitcoin public key and private key, which is the cornerstone of bitcoin system. SHA-256 hash algorithm is mainly used in the workload proof mechanism of bitcoin
the principle of bitcoin generation is the special solution generated by complex operation, and mining is the process of finding the special solution. However, the total number of bitcoin is only 21 million, and with the continuous mining of bitcoin, the more difficult it will be to proce bitcoin, and the cost of acquiring bitcoin may be higher than the price of bitcoin itself
the bitcoin block consists of a block header and the transaction list contained in the block. The size of the block header is 80 bytes, which is composed of 4-byte version number, 32 byte hash value of the previous block, 32 byte Merkle root hash, 4-byte timestamp (current time), 4-byte current difficulty value and 4-byte random number. A block header with a fixed length of 80 bytes is the input string used to prove the workload of bitcoin. Constantly change the random number in the block header, that is, the value of nonce, and do double sha256 operation on the block header after each change, and compare the result value with the target value of the current network. If it is less than the target value, the problem is solved successfully, and the workload is proved to be complete
the essence of bitcoin is actually the unique solution of a set of equations generated by a bunch of complex algorithms. Bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency in the world, which has no specific distribution center. The network of bitcoin is composed of all users, because there is no center to ensure the security of data.
6.
Nakamoto invented bitcoin
on November 1, 2008, a person who called himself Nakamoto Tsung published the white paper bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system on the P2P foundation website, stating his new idea of e-money bitcoin came out
in 2009, Nakamoto designed a digital currency, namely bitcoin. The booming bitcoin market has gone up and down, and the identity of its founder "Nakamoto" has always been a mystery. Rumors about "the father of bitcoin" involve from the US National Security Agency to financial experts, and also give bitcoin a mysterious aura
extended data:
starting from the essence of bitcoin, the essence of bitcoin is actually the special solution generated by a bunch of complex algorithms. A special solution is one of the finite solutions of a system of equations. Every particular solution can solve the equation and is unique
in the metaphor of banknotes, bitcoin is the number of the top word of a banknote. If you know the number of the top word on a banknote, you have the banknote
and the process of mining is to constantly seek the special solutions of the equations through huge amount of calculation. The equations are designed to have only 21 million special solutions, so the upper limit of bitcoin is 21 million
7. BTC was invented in 1988. It is an electronic currency invented by Nakamoto Tsung. It does not rely on the government to issue it. If it is used well, it will benefit ordinary people. If it is not used well, it will become a tool for speculators to make huge profits and launder money.
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