Impossible Triangle bitcoin
Publish: 2021-05-17 14:55:26
1.
bitcoin is just a game. If it is promoted as a tool to get rich, it can be regarded as a fraud. Just like the currency in other online games, the only difference is that bitcoin has been standardized since the game was first formulated. It can't be issued indiscriminately, so it can keep its value better than other virtual game props. It is equivalent to the online collection. Bitcoin is a prop in the game, and its value is reflected in the recognition of bitcoin by players: more people play, the value of props in the game is higher; The risk is that he is not the only game, and his algorithm is not the only one. Maybe someone will be able to make other special coins soon. All you need to do is promote the game and sell your props. As for money, bitcoin does not have the basic attributes of money, such as unfair initial distribution and insecure circulation. Money needs to be maintained by the state machine
the concept of bitcoin was first proposed by Nakamoto in 2009. According to Nakamoto's ideas, the open source software and the P2P network on it were designed and released. Bitcoin is a kind of P2P digital currency. Point to point transmission means a decentralized payment system. Unlike most currencies, bitcoin does not rely on specific currency institutions to issue. It is generated by a large number of calculations based on specific algorithms. Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the whole P2P network to confirm and record all transactions, and uses cryptography design to ensure the security of all aspects of money circulation. The decentralized nature and algorithm of P2P can ensure that it is impossible to artificially manipulate the value of bitcoin through mass proction
1. Bitcoin (bitcoin) is a kind of network virtual currency, which can buy real-life goods. It is characterized by decentralization, anonymity, and can only be used in the digital world. It does not belong to any country or financial institution, and is not subject to geographical restrictions. It can be exchanged anywhere in the world. Therefore, it is used as a money laundering tool by some criminals
2. On January 7, 2014, Taobao announced that it would ban the sale of Internet virtual currencies such as bitcoin and lightcoin from January 14. On February 26, 2014, Democratic Senator Joe Manchin of West Virginia issued an open letter to a number of regulatory authorities of the federal government of the United States, hoping that relevant institutions would pay attention to the status quo of bitcoin encouraging illegal activities and disrupting the financial order, and demanded that actions be taken as soon as possible to completely ban the electronic currency
3. On May 12, 2017, a global outbreak of bitcoin virus madly attacked public and commercial systems! Nearly 74 countries in the world have been seriously attacked
4. From August 1, 2017, global bitcoin trading platform will suspend recharge and withdrawal services. Bitcoin China digital asset trading platform will stop new user registration on September 14, and all trading businesses will be stopped on September 30
< H2 > reference materials: network bitcoin
2. In order to understand the technical principle of bitcoin, we need to understand two important cryptographic techniques: hash code: it converts a long string into a fixed length string, and its conversion is irreversible, that is, it is impossible to guess the original string from hash code. Sha256 is mainly used in bitcoin protocol
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
public key system: corresponds to a public key and a private key, keeps the private key in the application and publishes the public key. When Party A transmits information to Party B, it can use Party A's private key to encrypt the information, and Party B can use Party A's public key to decrypt the information, so as to ensure that the third party cannot impersonate Party A to send the information; At the same time, when Party A transmits information to Party B, it is encrypted with Party B's public key and sent to Party B, and then Party B decrypts it with his own private key, so as to ensure that the third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two people. RSA is the most common public key system, but the lliptic curve digital signature algorithm is used in bitcoin protocol. What's the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is an electronic currency in BTC. In this article, it is also used to refer to the whole bitcoin system. Like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in bitcoin is address. Everyone can have one or more bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and collect money. Each address is a string that starts with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public key and private key. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. Unlike bank accounts, banks keep all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while bitcoin's transaction records are jointly maintained by the whole P2P network through a pre agreed protocol. How much money is in my account address? Although the current account balance can be seen by bitcoin software, unlike banks, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transactions. How do I pay? When I pay from address a to address B of the other party, the payment amount is e. at this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address a to pay to address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent the third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted with the private key of address A. at this time, the network node receiving the transaction information can use the public key of address a to verify that the transaction information is indeed sent by address a. Of course, trading software will help us do these things, we just need to input the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the bitcoin system, which needs to be elaborated. For the sake of simplicity, only bitcoin protocol has been implemented. In the current version, each network node will save all transaction information synchronously. There are two kinds of transaction information in history, one is & quot; Verified & quot; The transaction information, that is, the verified transaction information, is stored in a series of "blocks". Each & quot; block" Is the previous & quot; bock" The ID of each block is the hash code of the hash code of the block and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those who also & quot; Unverified & quot; The transaction information just paid above belongs to this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (possibly more than one), it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time because the node keeps all the transaction information in history, so it can calculate whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is enough balance in the payment account. After eliminating the invalid transaction information, it first takes out the last & quot; block" Then, the unverified transaction information is combined with the ID, and a verification code is added to form a new "block". It needs a lot of calculation to build a new block, because it needs to calculate the verification code, so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first several bits of the hash code of the block are 1. At present, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (generally, the specific method is uncertain), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration method, the average number of enumerations is 16 ^ 13. Using CPU resources to generate a block is called "gold mining", because the proction of the block will get a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it will broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not be accepted by the network, because it is possible that other network nodes have proced the block earlier. Only the earliest block or the block with the largest number of subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks are no longer used as the initial blocks of the next block. How does the other party confirm that the payment is successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is enough to pay), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When six blocks (one direct block and five subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so that the transaction is formally confirmed, and the other party can confirm the successful payment. A possible problem is that I will pay the balance of address a to address B, and at the same time pay to address C. If I only verify that the single comparison transaction is valid. At this point, my way of cheating is to generate six blocks including B to B and six blocks including C to C before the truth is revealed. Because I need a very long CPU time to generate a block, compared with the whole network, the probability of my cheating success is very small. What is the motivation of network nodes to proce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks to contain the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU intensive. How to let other network nodes help to proce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is very simple. The agreement stipulates that BTC will be rewarded for the address where the block is proced, as well as the Commission promised by both parties. At present, the reward for procing a block is 50btc, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward will be 25btc from 2013 to 2016. Is the transaction anonymous? Yes, and No. All bitcoin transactions are visible. We can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what's different from the banking monetary system is that everyone's account itself is anonymous, and everyone can open many accounts. In general, anonymity is not as good as it claims. But bitcoin has another advantage in doing black market trading: it can't be frozen. Even if the police trace a bitcoin address, there is nothing they can do unless they trace the computer used by the exchange based on the Internet address. How to ensure that bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, in the case of equivalent trading activities, the value of money is inversely proportional to the amount of money issued. Unlike the traditional money market, the central bank can determine the amount of money issued. Bitcoin does not have a central issuing institution. Only by procing blocks can we get a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, bitcoin's new amount of money depends on: 1. The speed of procing blocks: bitcoin's agreement stipulates that the difficulty of procing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 every two weeks, about 10 minutes. Moore's law of doubling CPU speed every 18 months will not speed up the proction of block. 2. The number of rewards for block proction: at present, 50 BTC is awarded for each block proced, which is halved every four years. In 2013, 25 BTC is awarded, and in 2017, 12.5 BTC is awarded. Considering the above two factors, bitcoin's currency issuing speed is not controlled by any single node in the network. Its protocol makes the currency stock known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC
3. Lightning bitcoin has not been well known because it is a bifurcated coin of bitcoin. Many users in the coin circle instinctively dislike this kind of token. Fork coin has now become synonymous with money and running. But what you may not know is that all bifurcated bitcoin can be called currency in the eyes of foreign regulators. The US SEC only recognizes bitcoin and Ethereum as currencies because they have not concted ICO in public channels. Accordingly, these bifurcated currencies are regarded as currency. And lightning bitcoin is the only one that doesn't pre dig in the fork coin. You can imagine that bitcoin is 100 banknotes issued by a bank, and all kinds of bifurcated banknotes are equivalent to banknotes of different denominations issued by the bank. You may not be able to understand the valuable value of this. When it comes to the circulation of entities, if you are a bifurcated coin of bitcoin, it is easy to pass the government compliance. In short, the reason why the Grand Prince BCH can get through the physical circulation in Japan so quickly is just the light of bitcoin
then why should I say that lightning bitcoin is a great currency experiment? We compare lightning bitcoin to a free economy with three major stakeholders: developers, miners and holders
so far, no blockchain project can effectively govern the three. Why? The reason is very simple. In an ICO project, the developers, coin holders and even miners are the same group. It's easy to understand. Why should he give the best interests to the ICO holders? This is obviously not in line with human nature. The reason why lightning bitcoin dares to do chain governance is related to the issuing mode of lightning bitcoin. LBTC's "governance on the chain" is another attempt to "decentralize", which is also very eye-catching. Dpos mechanism determines that there are 101 nodes in the network. At the same time, unlike pow, the right of choice is in the hands of the coin holder. These nodes will be elected by the vote of the coin holder. When the node does not act, the user can vote out of the network. According to last week's weekly report, LBTC's block browser has also added this function, which can view the operation of nodes in real time. It also paves the way for LBTC's "chain governance". In the LBTC system, all coin holders can vote to decide whether the project development proposal will go or stay, and all members of the organization can participate in the decision-making and operation of the organization. In addition, the 5000 standard of lockup after the election of the lightning node ensures that the node is both a mine pool and a coin holder. In this way, the relationship among miners, developers and users is well balanced, and the foundation of an autonomous organization is formed.
then why should I say that lightning bitcoin is a great currency experiment? We compare lightning bitcoin to a free economy with three major stakeholders: developers, miners and holders
so far, no blockchain project can effectively govern the three. Why? The reason is very simple. In an ICO project, the developers, coin holders and even miners are the same group. It's easy to understand. Why should he give the best interests to the ICO holders? This is obviously not in line with human nature. The reason why lightning bitcoin dares to do chain governance is related to the issuing mode of lightning bitcoin. LBTC's "governance on the chain" is another attempt to "decentralize", which is also very eye-catching. Dpos mechanism determines that there are 101 nodes in the network. At the same time, unlike pow, the right of choice is in the hands of the coin holder. These nodes will be elected by the vote of the coin holder. When the node does not act, the user can vote out of the network. According to last week's weekly report, LBTC's block browser has also added this function, which can view the operation of nodes in real time. It also paves the way for LBTC's "chain governance". In the LBTC system, all coin holders can vote to decide whether the project development proposal will go or stay, and all members of the organization can participate in the decision-making and operation of the organization. In addition, the 5000 standard of lockup after the election of the lightning node ensures that the node is both a mine pool and a coin holder. In this way, the relationship among miners, developers and users is well balanced, and the foundation of an autonomous organization is formed.
4. Compared with BCH and BSV, lightning bitcoin LBTC is also derived from bitcoin, and its original intention is to solve some shortcomings and defects of bitcoin itself. However, the biggest difference of LBTC is that it adopts dpos consensus mechanism instead of pow consensus mechanism. The most significant advantages of LBTC are as follows:
first, it greatly improves performance, As we all know, the number of transfers per second of bitcoin, that is, TPS, is only about 7, and other bitcoin forked coins using POW consensus mechanism are almost the same. The theoretical value of TPS of LBTC can reach 2800, and the current actual level can reach more than 1000, and the performance has been improved by several orders of magnitude. The slogan "fast as lightning" is by no means empty words. If you are interested, you can download a wallet from the official website of LBTC or Cobo to experience it
Second, it greatly reces the energy consumption and participation threshold. As we all know, the high energy consumption caused by POW mining represented by bitcoin has been criticized by the outside world. At the same time, because mining has already become a heavy asset instry, mining machinery, mining and other fields have been monopolized by a few big players, ordinary small and medium-sized investors and new manufacturers have little room to survive, It has formed a situation in which the strong are always strong. However, POS / dpos currencies only need ordinary PCs or even mobile phones to run wallets and stack, so as to obtain revenue
thirdly, it introces chain governance, which achieves a good balance between democracy and efficiency. At the same time, it encourages users to actively participate in community affairs through voting and staging mechanism. In the world of pow, power is power, simple and crude; In the world of POS, those who hold more money will have more right to speak and gain
in the world of dpos, it is not simply to see who holds more money. At the same time, it needs the extensive support of the community to exercise power on behalf of the community. At the same time, the majority of small and medium-sized users also have the opportunity to launch motions, express their demands, and participate in decision-making
because bitcoin has carried too many interests, we are very cautious about any improvement of bitcoin, and the pace is very slow, which leads to the division of the community and the proction of many forked coins. However, in fact, compared with bitcoin, the improvements made by BCH and BSV are quite limited, so the improvement in all aspects is also very limited
therefore, if you take a closer look at LBTC, you will find that it is actually a very interesting bitcoin fork coin. I think it is a very bold and imaginative experiment based on bitcoin. If lightcoin has been used as a testing ground for new technologies and new ideas for bitcoin in many cases, LBTC can be regarded as a testing ground for bitcoin with greater and more thorough changes
just mentioned, one of the biggest obstacles in the promotion and use of bitcoin is that TPS is too low to carry high-frequency transactions. Compared with bitcoin and some well-known bifurcated currencies such as BCH and BSV, the performance of LBTC is improved by several orders of magnitude, and the actual TPS can reach more than 1000
increasing TPS can rece verification time, but it will inevitably sacrifice security or decentralization. If TPS increases blindly, blockchain will completely sacrifice "decentralization". At the same time, the requirements on the miner's machine configuration will be more stringent. If it can not upload the transaction in time, it will proce more unfinished transactions, and the hidden danger will be greater. Although EOS uses 21 super nodes to achieve high efficiency, it also sacrifices some "decentralization" and security, and introces potential risks such as DDoS
in the past two years, many public chain projects blindly pursue high TPS, and often claim to have achieved tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands or even millions of TPS. In order to improve TPS, some project parties buy millions of equipment to test in a laboratory, which only plays a PR effect or amuses themselves. Such a high TPS is meaningless. Even if it can reach or close to such a number, for the current market demand, it also belongs to excess performance, which is bound to cause unnecessary waste of resources
according to the calculation of relevant research institutions, even if the public chain processes 100 million transactions every day, thousand level TPS is enough. It's worth noting that the TPS of Libra, which is to be launched by Facebook, is also around 1000. You should know that Facebook has as many as 2.7 billion users in the world, which should be determined by them after careful consideration
this means that LBTC's TPS can meet the needs of processing 100 million transactions per day, which is quite pragmatic and can fully meet the needs of global users in the next few years. Moreover, LBTC also has a high degree of scalability. With the further improvement of global Internet infrastructure, the performance of LBTC will continue to improve. It can be said that the current LBTC has found a good balance in the "Impossible Triangle" of efficiency, security and decentralization
in the view of many bitcoin fundamentalists, only the pow path chosen by Nakamoto is the only right way. POW consensus mechanism has experienced nearly 10 years of stable operation and continuous market test, and dpos has been more than 6 years since its birth. So how about doing an experiment to see what wonderful chemical reactions can be proced by combining bitcoin with dpos
if this dpos version of bitcoin can also withstand the continuous test of 10 years, will we still insist that only POW is the only right way for bitcoin? Of course, we don't have a definite answer to this question. Time will tell
although I also claim to be a believer of bitcoin, I think the existence of LBTC is very meaningful. This significance does not mean to replace bitcoin, or like some fans of other forked coins, I think that only the branch I support is the real bitcoin, but to explore more and wider possibilities in technology and form a useful supplement to bitcoin.
first, it greatly improves performance, As we all know, the number of transfers per second of bitcoin, that is, TPS, is only about 7, and other bitcoin forked coins using POW consensus mechanism are almost the same. The theoretical value of TPS of LBTC can reach 2800, and the current actual level can reach more than 1000, and the performance has been improved by several orders of magnitude. The slogan "fast as lightning" is by no means empty words. If you are interested, you can download a wallet from the official website of LBTC or Cobo to experience it
Second, it greatly reces the energy consumption and participation threshold. As we all know, the high energy consumption caused by POW mining represented by bitcoin has been criticized by the outside world. At the same time, because mining has already become a heavy asset instry, mining machinery, mining and other fields have been monopolized by a few big players, ordinary small and medium-sized investors and new manufacturers have little room to survive, It has formed a situation in which the strong are always strong. However, POS / dpos currencies only need ordinary PCs or even mobile phones to run wallets and stack, so as to obtain revenue
thirdly, it introces chain governance, which achieves a good balance between democracy and efficiency. At the same time, it encourages users to actively participate in community affairs through voting and staging mechanism. In the world of pow, power is power, simple and crude; In the world of POS, those who hold more money will have more right to speak and gain
in the world of dpos, it is not simply to see who holds more money. At the same time, it needs the extensive support of the community to exercise power on behalf of the community. At the same time, the majority of small and medium-sized users also have the opportunity to launch motions, express their demands, and participate in decision-making
because bitcoin has carried too many interests, we are very cautious about any improvement of bitcoin, and the pace is very slow, which leads to the division of the community and the proction of many forked coins. However, in fact, compared with bitcoin, the improvements made by BCH and BSV are quite limited, so the improvement in all aspects is also very limited
therefore, if you take a closer look at LBTC, you will find that it is actually a very interesting bitcoin fork coin. I think it is a very bold and imaginative experiment based on bitcoin. If lightcoin has been used as a testing ground for new technologies and new ideas for bitcoin in many cases, LBTC can be regarded as a testing ground for bitcoin with greater and more thorough changes
just mentioned, one of the biggest obstacles in the promotion and use of bitcoin is that TPS is too low to carry high-frequency transactions. Compared with bitcoin and some well-known bifurcated currencies such as BCH and BSV, the performance of LBTC is improved by several orders of magnitude, and the actual TPS can reach more than 1000
increasing TPS can rece verification time, but it will inevitably sacrifice security or decentralization. If TPS increases blindly, blockchain will completely sacrifice "decentralization". At the same time, the requirements on the miner's machine configuration will be more stringent. If it can not upload the transaction in time, it will proce more unfinished transactions, and the hidden danger will be greater. Although EOS uses 21 super nodes to achieve high efficiency, it also sacrifices some "decentralization" and security, and introces potential risks such as DDoS
in the past two years, many public chain projects blindly pursue high TPS, and often claim to have achieved tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands or even millions of TPS. In order to improve TPS, some project parties buy millions of equipment to test in a laboratory, which only plays a PR effect or amuses themselves. Such a high TPS is meaningless. Even if it can reach or close to such a number, for the current market demand, it also belongs to excess performance, which is bound to cause unnecessary waste of resources
according to the calculation of relevant research institutions, even if the public chain processes 100 million transactions every day, thousand level TPS is enough. It's worth noting that the TPS of Libra, which is to be launched by Facebook, is also around 1000. You should know that Facebook has as many as 2.7 billion users in the world, which should be determined by them after careful consideration
this means that LBTC's TPS can meet the needs of processing 100 million transactions per day, which is quite pragmatic and can fully meet the needs of global users in the next few years. Moreover, LBTC also has a high degree of scalability. With the further improvement of global Internet infrastructure, the performance of LBTC will continue to improve. It can be said that the current LBTC has found a good balance in the "Impossible Triangle" of efficiency, security and decentralization
in the view of many bitcoin fundamentalists, only the pow path chosen by Nakamoto is the only right way. POW consensus mechanism has experienced nearly 10 years of stable operation and continuous market test, and dpos has been more than 6 years since its birth. So how about doing an experiment to see what wonderful chemical reactions can be proced by combining bitcoin with dpos
if this dpos version of bitcoin can also withstand the continuous test of 10 years, will we still insist that only POW is the only right way for bitcoin? Of course, we don't have a definite answer to this question. Time will tell
although I also claim to be a believer of bitcoin, I think the existence of LBTC is very meaningful. This significance does not mean to replace bitcoin, or like some fans of other forked coins, I think that only the branch I support is the real bitcoin, but to explore more and wider possibilities in technology and form a useful supplement to bitcoin.
5. If you download apps, you can download them directly from the app market, but some apps that have not been put on the shelves can be downloaded directly from the browser.
6. Shimano group was founded in 1921 with its head office in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. After more than 80 years of development, its subsidiaries are located in 17 countries around the world, and become a multinational company specializing in manufacturing and selling bicycle parts, fishing gear, snowboard and golf procts<
contents
Introction
brief history of development
stage of development
bicycle club
Proct Introction
edit the introction of this paragraph
Shimano
Shimano, as a famous brand of bicycle parts, is well-known all over the world. The reason why Shimano has such a wide range of fans and reputation around the world is mainly e to its functional system design idea to guide the proction of bicycle parts. Shimano broke the previous static design idea of taking indivial parts as the core, boldly adopted the dynamic design method of taking functional parts as the purpose and the comprehensive function of bicycle system as the key link, established its unique functional system design idea, and created many revolutionary procts. Constantly promoting the reform and evolution of bicycle. Shimano group was founded in 1921 with its head office in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. After more than 80 years of development, its subsidiaries are located in 17 countries around the world, and become a multinational company specializing in manufacturing and selling bicycle parts, fishing gear, snowboard and golf procts< In 1921, Shozaburo Shimano founded Shimano iron and steel plant and began to proce Shimano flywheel. In 1931, it began to export Shimano flywheels. In 1940, it was reorganized into a joint stock company and renamed Shimano Steel Co., Ltd. In 1951, it was renamed Shimano Instrial Co., Ltd. 1956 started proction of Shimano transmission. In 1957, we started to proce the ximano 3-speed rear flower drum with internal gear wheel. In 1960, cold forging technology was developed. The handlebar controlled three speed flower drum was developed for the first time in Japan. In 1965, Shimano united America company was established in New York, USA. In 1967, Skylark transmission and automatic connecting devices were proced. Shimano Yamaguchi joint stock company was established in Yamaguchi Prefecture of Japan in 1970. The newly established fishing gear Department began to proce fishing rods and reels. In 1972, Shimano Europe was established in Dusseldorf, West Germany. Released Dura-Ace series of bicycle racing parts. The shares are listed in Osaka's second unit. Shimano Singapore company was founded in 1973. The company's shares are listed in Osaka and Tokyo at the same time. In 1974, Shimano sales association was established in California, USA. In 1978, the Sales Office of fishing gear department was established in the United States. In 1980, Shimano ax series of aerodynamic racing system components was published. 1981 published "1-2-3 shift" gear conversion system. In 1982, we published the series of mountain bike components, Deere XT. Sis and new Dura-Ace series were published in 1984. Shimano cup Fishing Series opens. In 1986, Shimano America company and Shimano sales company were merged to form a new Shimano America company in Irvine, California. In 1989, his royal highness Naruhito visited Sakai headquarters in Japan. Shimano Malaysia parts company was established in 1990. In 1991, Shimano bicycle development center was established in Sakai, Japan. The name of the company was changed to Shimano Co., Ltd. P.T. Shimano Batam was founded in Indonesia. In the same year, Shimano re-ex cross Japan MTB competition opened. And published mountain bike parts Shimano XTR series. In 1992, Shimano Bicycle Center and Bicycle Museum were opened in Sakai, Japan. In the same year, Shimano Kunshan bicycle parts company was established in Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province, China. In 1995, Shimano stock company directly took over Shimano Yamaguchi and Shimano fishing gear sales company. The auto-d rear flower drum with automatic shift was published in 1997. In the same year, the physical sports department was established. In 1998, the company passed ISO 9002 certification. Build Italian manufacturing plants. In the same year, ra ace bicycle racing parts series was published for the 25th anniversary. 1999 Shimano aviation transmission system. In the same year, the road racing wheel group was published. 2000 passed ISO14001 / 9001 certification. The concept of digital integrated intelligent bicycle parts was published. Shimano was incorporated into the publisher of ETS. Bertin in France. In 2001, Shimano Czech Republic branch and Shimano Shanghai Branch were established. Shimano Taiwan Branch was established in 2002. In April 2003, Shimano Group invested 15 million US dollars to establish Shimano (Tianjin) bicycle parts Co., Ltd., or STJ, in Tianjin, China, covering a total area of 84916 square meters< In April 2003, STJ was officially registered in Tianjin. In October 2003, STJ factory started construction. In July 2004, STJ phase I project was completed. In October 2005, STJ passed the quality, environment, environmental protection, environmental protection and environmental protection standards at one time Certification of three systems of occupational health and safety in December 2005, STJ phase II project was started to build
Edit this section of bicycle club
Shimano
Shimano bicycle club was founded on May 1, 2002, with the purpose of absorbing the majority of bicycle lovers, expanding mass bicycle activities and actively promoting national fitness activities, To improve the direction of cycling in China, the club has more than 2500 members from all over the country. Since its establishment, the club has organized several large-scale activities. Actively strive for the support of all sectors of society, closely rely on the majority of car fans, and strive to develop their own mass and professional advantages; To plan and undertake competitions, training and exchanges at all levels as the carrier; To expand skills, fun, adventure based "fever level" movement as the focus; Constantly expand and improve the scale, level and influence of mass cycling<
Edit this section of proct introction
Shimano proct grade division mountain bike parts grade from high to low XTR, saint, XT, LX, Deere, Alivio, acera, Altus, tourney road bike parts grade from high to low Dura-Ace, ultegra, 105, tiagra, Sora, 2200, a050 XTR: an art representative of off-road vehicle parts XT: unremitting pursuit of high-performance mountain bike kit technology LX: home High energy kit for outdoor car deore: a high-performance kit that brings real cycling fun. I'll take the 2003 dental disc + middle axle as an example to talk about the difference: of course, above deore are hollow crank arm plus spline (one of deore's models is square hole) plus 9-speed. The following mainly talks about the difference. XTR: the crank arm is made of cast hard aluminum, the discs are made of 7075 aluminum, the chain wheel nuts and screws are made of 7075 aluminum, the length of the legs ranges from 165 to 180mm, and there is a model for every 2.5mm, that is to say, there are seven kinds of lengths, with an average weight of 797g. The middle shaft and the tooth plate are integrated. The other models are not integrated. XT: the crank arm is cast aluminum, the small plate of the middle plate is not 7075 aluminum, the nuts and screws are also ordinary aluminum, the leg length has five specifications, and the average weight is 872g. LX: on the basis of XT, the middle plate is made of aluminum, the small plate is made of steel, the screw is made of stainless steel, the nut is made of steel, the leg length is only 170 mm and 175 mm, and the average weight is 906 G. Deore: the medium and small plates are all made of steel. The large plate is made of one kind of steel and one kind of aluminum. One model of the central shaft is not hollow (UN), and the other model (ES) is the same as the LX and above. The average weight is 972g ~ 1093g. Another example is flywheel: XTR with 9 sections: the big four discs are titanium, and the small five are steel. The surface treatment of the gear plate is made of Ti / Ni-P light alloy base, weighing 240g. XT: all the plates from XT down are steel plates, and the surface of the gear plate is chrome plated, weighing 300g. LX: the base is no longer light alloy, and the surface treatment of the gear plate is & quot; Pearlescent surface treatment;, Weight 330g deore: the surface of the tooth is plated with Ni, and the weight is 358G. XTR is to make things into high-quality procts at any cost. In fact, it is not necessarily not rable, but sometimes the former is considered to a certain extent in terms of high performance and rability. XT is a good example of eliminating luxury goods: for example, it doesn't use titanium or special materials, and it still uses materials with reasonable prices. LX is a short version of XT, which is lazy in some places. Deore is enough.
contents
Introction
brief history of development
stage of development
bicycle club
Proct Introction
edit the introction of this paragraph
Shimano
Shimano, as a famous brand of bicycle parts, is well-known all over the world. The reason why Shimano has such a wide range of fans and reputation around the world is mainly e to its functional system design idea to guide the proction of bicycle parts. Shimano broke the previous static design idea of taking indivial parts as the core, boldly adopted the dynamic design method of taking functional parts as the purpose and the comprehensive function of bicycle system as the key link, established its unique functional system design idea, and created many revolutionary procts. Constantly promoting the reform and evolution of bicycle. Shimano group was founded in 1921 with its head office in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. After more than 80 years of development, its subsidiaries are located in 17 countries around the world, and become a multinational company specializing in manufacturing and selling bicycle parts, fishing gear, snowboard and golf procts< In 1921, Shozaburo Shimano founded Shimano iron and steel plant and began to proce Shimano flywheel. In 1931, it began to export Shimano flywheels. In 1940, it was reorganized into a joint stock company and renamed Shimano Steel Co., Ltd. In 1951, it was renamed Shimano Instrial Co., Ltd. 1956 started proction of Shimano transmission. In 1957, we started to proce the ximano 3-speed rear flower drum with internal gear wheel. In 1960, cold forging technology was developed. The handlebar controlled three speed flower drum was developed for the first time in Japan. In 1965, Shimano united America company was established in New York, USA. In 1967, Skylark transmission and automatic connecting devices were proced. Shimano Yamaguchi joint stock company was established in Yamaguchi Prefecture of Japan in 1970. The newly established fishing gear Department began to proce fishing rods and reels. In 1972, Shimano Europe was established in Dusseldorf, West Germany. Released Dura-Ace series of bicycle racing parts. The shares are listed in Osaka's second unit. Shimano Singapore company was founded in 1973. The company's shares are listed in Osaka and Tokyo at the same time. In 1974, Shimano sales association was established in California, USA. In 1978, the Sales Office of fishing gear department was established in the United States. In 1980, Shimano ax series of aerodynamic racing system components was published. 1981 published "1-2-3 shift" gear conversion system. In 1982, we published the series of mountain bike components, Deere XT. Sis and new Dura-Ace series were published in 1984. Shimano cup Fishing Series opens. In 1986, Shimano America company and Shimano sales company were merged to form a new Shimano America company in Irvine, California. In 1989, his royal highness Naruhito visited Sakai headquarters in Japan. Shimano Malaysia parts company was established in 1990. In 1991, Shimano bicycle development center was established in Sakai, Japan. The name of the company was changed to Shimano Co., Ltd. P.T. Shimano Batam was founded in Indonesia. In the same year, Shimano re-ex cross Japan MTB competition opened. And published mountain bike parts Shimano XTR series. In 1992, Shimano Bicycle Center and Bicycle Museum were opened in Sakai, Japan. In the same year, Shimano Kunshan bicycle parts company was established in Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province, China. In 1995, Shimano stock company directly took over Shimano Yamaguchi and Shimano fishing gear sales company. The auto-d rear flower drum with automatic shift was published in 1997. In the same year, the physical sports department was established. In 1998, the company passed ISO 9002 certification. Build Italian manufacturing plants. In the same year, ra ace bicycle racing parts series was published for the 25th anniversary. 1999 Shimano aviation transmission system. In the same year, the road racing wheel group was published. 2000 passed ISO14001 / 9001 certification. The concept of digital integrated intelligent bicycle parts was published. Shimano was incorporated into the publisher of ETS. Bertin in France. In 2001, Shimano Czech Republic branch and Shimano Shanghai Branch were established. Shimano Taiwan Branch was established in 2002. In April 2003, Shimano Group invested 15 million US dollars to establish Shimano (Tianjin) bicycle parts Co., Ltd., or STJ, in Tianjin, China, covering a total area of 84916 square meters< In April 2003, STJ was officially registered in Tianjin. In October 2003, STJ factory started construction. In July 2004, STJ phase I project was completed. In October 2005, STJ passed the quality, environment, environmental protection, environmental protection and environmental protection standards at one time Certification of three systems of occupational health and safety in December 2005, STJ phase II project was started to build
Edit this section of bicycle club
Shimano
Shimano bicycle club was founded on May 1, 2002, with the purpose of absorbing the majority of bicycle lovers, expanding mass bicycle activities and actively promoting national fitness activities, To improve the direction of cycling in China, the club has more than 2500 members from all over the country. Since its establishment, the club has organized several large-scale activities. Actively strive for the support of all sectors of society, closely rely on the majority of car fans, and strive to develop their own mass and professional advantages; To plan and undertake competitions, training and exchanges at all levels as the carrier; To expand skills, fun, adventure based "fever level" movement as the focus; Constantly expand and improve the scale, level and influence of mass cycling<
Edit this section of proct introction
Shimano proct grade division mountain bike parts grade from high to low XTR, saint, XT, LX, Deere, Alivio, acera, Altus, tourney road bike parts grade from high to low Dura-Ace, ultegra, 105, tiagra, Sora, 2200, a050 XTR: an art representative of off-road vehicle parts XT: unremitting pursuit of high-performance mountain bike kit technology LX: home High energy kit for outdoor car deore: a high-performance kit that brings real cycling fun. I'll take the 2003 dental disc + middle axle as an example to talk about the difference: of course, above deore are hollow crank arm plus spline (one of deore's models is square hole) plus 9-speed. The following mainly talks about the difference. XTR: the crank arm is made of cast hard aluminum, the discs are made of 7075 aluminum, the chain wheel nuts and screws are made of 7075 aluminum, the length of the legs ranges from 165 to 180mm, and there is a model for every 2.5mm, that is to say, there are seven kinds of lengths, with an average weight of 797g. The middle shaft and the tooth plate are integrated. The other models are not integrated. XT: the crank arm is cast aluminum, the small plate of the middle plate is not 7075 aluminum, the nuts and screws are also ordinary aluminum, the leg length has five specifications, and the average weight is 872g. LX: on the basis of XT, the middle plate is made of aluminum, the small plate is made of steel, the screw is made of stainless steel, the nut is made of steel, the leg length is only 170 mm and 175 mm, and the average weight is 906 G. Deore: the medium and small plates are all made of steel. The large plate is made of one kind of steel and one kind of aluminum. One model of the central shaft is not hollow (UN), and the other model (ES) is the same as the LX and above. The average weight is 972g ~ 1093g. Another example is flywheel: XTR with 9 sections: the big four discs are titanium, and the small five are steel. The surface treatment of the gear plate is made of Ti / Ni-P light alloy base, weighing 240g. XT: all the plates from XT down are steel plates, and the surface of the gear plate is chrome plated, weighing 300g. LX: the base is no longer light alloy, and the surface treatment of the gear plate is & quot; Pearlescent surface treatment;, Weight 330g deore: the surface of the tooth is plated with Ni, and the weight is 358G. XTR is to make things into high-quality procts at any cost. In fact, it is not necessarily not rable, but sometimes the former is considered to a certain extent in terms of high performance and rability. XT is a good example of eliminating luxury goods: for example, it doesn't use titanium or special materials, and it still uses materials with reasonable prices. LX is a short version of XT, which is lazy in some places. Deore is enough.
7.
Theoretically, it is possible, but at present, human computer technology has not achieved such high performance, so it is almost impossible to crack with traditional technology. With the development of quantum technology, the current encryption technology is likely to be completely cracked, including bitcoin algorithm, RSA encryption and so on
8.
In the application and development of blockchain, it not only faces the technical constraints of the "Impossible Triangle" paradox, but also risks the erosion of national sovereignty. Theoretically speaking, blockchain uses a set of mathematical algorithms based on consensus to establish a trust network between machines, so as to establish credit through technical endorsement rather than centralized credit institutions. It does not need to implement rules artificially, but is controlled by pre-defined technical rules, which is a completely decentralized approach. But it is not
the "Impossible Triangle" paradox in blockchain
in the application and development of blockchain, another factor that affects and erodes national sovereignty is the anarchism and liberalization tendency that the governance of single technology may bring. Blockchain fundamentally subverts the existing legal supervision system, and realizes "autonomy" purely by pre-defined technical rules, which may improve the convenience and efficiency of operation. However, e to the lack of corresponding legal regulations, it is also easy to cause the infringement of national sovereignty, public interests, various organizations and indivial rights and interests. The application of blockchain not only needs to solve technical problems, but also needs to study and solve the connection and integration of cyberspace and real society< br />
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