Descendants of bitcoin
1. When Honran police rushed into Mariana Catalina Izaguirre's home one day in 2009 and wanted to expel her, she had lived in this shabby house for more than 30 years. Unlike her neighbor, Mariana Catalina Izaguirre even has a government housing certificate, but unfortunately, according to the information from the local government housing authority, the housing department and another person, the "homeowner", applied to the court for an expulsion order, and finally Ms. lzaguirre was forced to leave
this kind of wrangling is very common all over the world e to unclear registration or missing records. The lack of housing ownership protection is also the source of injustice. It has also become difficult to use houses or land as collateral for financing
bitcoin can make such problems disappear. Bitcoin is a "smart" currency based on encryption algorithm. We should pay more attention to the technology behind bitcoin: blockchain. It means more than money or cash. It creates a way of accounting to solve mutual distrust
that's why politicians consulted Factom, an American start-up that provides a prototype for land registration based on regional chains, to clean up Honran property institutions. Greece is also interested. It has no proper land registration policy. Only 7% of the land is right on the map
2. Blockchain and other similar "distributed account book" applications can be extended to prevent diamond theft and supermarket pipeline. NASDAQ Exchange will soon use blockchain system to record transactions of private enterprises. British banks dislike technological civilization, but it seems to be stimulated: in its research report last year, it wrote that distributed accounting is a great innovation and will have a profound impact on the financial instry
politicians think further: when partners and the left gathered in this year's ouishare Fest in Paris to discuss how grassroots enterprises have shaken big data companies such as Facebook, the regional chain appeared in every speech. In the dream of freedom in the world, more government regulations are replaced by private contracts between indivials - encryption algorithms will strengthen themselves
the blockchain was conceived by Satoshi Nakamoto, the amazing and so far the only confirmed founder of bitcoin - "completely equivalent electronic currency," he wrote in an article published in 2008. In order for it to be like money, bitcoin has to be transferred from the account it is fighting for, and can be consumed twice by the same person. In order to realize the dream of a decentralized system like Nakamoto, bitcoin must avoid any dependence on third parties, such as banks hidden behind ordinary payment systems
blockchain can replace the third party. It can hold the transaction history of each bitcoin and provide evidence of any person at any time. Distribution systems can be replicated in thousands of computers - the "nodes" of bitcoin - everywhere in the world, and can be made public. But even with such openness, it is still credible and safe. The complexity of the mathematical algorithm and the computational brute force cracking built in its "consensus mechanism" - the node agrees to upgrade the blockchain process according to the bitcoin circulation - ensure this
for example, Alice wants to pay Bob for rental services. They all have bitcoin wallets - software that goes directly to the blockchain, not to the web like a browser, but doesn't identify users in the system. When Alice's wallet began to apply, the transaction started, and the blockchain began to change to show that Alice's wallet was less and Bob's was more
the network needs to change through several stages in this process. When the application passes through multiple nodes in the network, check the ledger to confirm whether Alice has the bitcoin she wants to spend. If everything looks ok, the specific node will instruct miners to bundle Alice's request to connect with other similar reputable transactions, and create a new mole in the blockchain
this involves decomposing the mole into a series of data of specified length by encrypting a hash function (see chart). Like many encryptions, this hash is a one-way street. Data can be dispersed, but conversely, it is impossible to aggregate data from dispersion. But even though hash doesn't hold data, it's still unique. Changing the entry mole in any way - changing the transaction with a simple number - hashing will be different
3. Along with other data, hash will be placed in the first place (header) of the development mole. The first one then becomes the basis of practical mathematical puzzles, again involving hash functions. Puzzles can only be solved by tests and errors. Through the Internet, miners is experimenting with hundreds of millions of possibilities to find answers. When a miner finally finds out the answer, other nodes will quickly check (go one-way again: it's hard to solve, but it's easy to check), and each node will confirm the solution, and then upgrade to the blockchain. The first hash will be the confirmation line for the new mole, which is now part of the account book. Alice pays Bob and all other transactions in the mole are confirmed
in the decryption phase, three things are introced to greatly enhance the security of bitcoin. One is chance. You can't predict which miner will solve the puzzle, so you can't predict who will upgrade the blockchain at a given time, except that it must be the most diligent miner, not other random slackers. It makes cheating difficult
the second point is history. Each new first part contains the hash function of the first part of the previous mole, and it contains the hash function of the last part, so it goes back and forth to the starting point. This association makes the mole a circular chain. Starting with all the data in the account book, it's a small matter to regenerate the top of the latest mole. Despite making a change anywhere - even back to one of the earliest moles - the first changed mole will be different. This means the same for the next mole, and all the later moles. The account book will not pass through the latest mole identifier and will be rejected
is there a solution? Imagine Alice changing her mind to pay Bob and trying to rewrite history so that bitcoin will still be in her purse. If she is a capable miner, she can solve the urgent puzzle and make a new version of blockchain. But in the time she does, the rest of the network will have extended the original blockchain. Nodes will always work in the longest version of the blockchain. This rule prevented two miners from finding a solution at the same time and led to worse consequences in the chain than temporary forks. It also prevents cheating. In order for the system to accept her new version, Alice needs to extend it faster than anyone else. Not being able to control more than half of the computers - the technical term is "51% attack" - should not be possible
4, not to mention the possibility of subverting the above network, another deep-seated question is: why do you want to be a member of this network? The answer is the third "decryption" step, and there are rewards. Each new block has a new bitcoin, and the person who solves the puzzle will get 25 bitcoin rewards, about $7500
all the above ingenious designs are not the real attraction of bitcoin. Its value lies in instability and unpredictability, as shown in the figure below, but the total amount of bitcoin is fixed. The mechanism of blockchain also works well. According to a website called blockchain.info, on average, more than 120000 transactions are added to the blockchain every day, which means about $75 million in transactions. At present, there are 380000 blocks, and the size of this account book is nearly 45gb
most of the data in the blockchain is bitcoin, but it is not necessary. Mr Nakamoto has also created a distributed system and written a related explanation. Technology geeks call it: open platform. This platform imitates the Internet, including operating systems such as Android or windows. Developers can develop applications based on the basic functions of blockchain without anyone's permission. Chris Dixon of Andreessen Horowitz, which invests in bitcoin startups, said: this kind of network will eventually become a public database. It is understood that Andreessen Horowitz has invested in coinbase, a bitcoin wallet company, and 21, a bitcoin hardware equipment company for the public
at present, the application based on blockchain has three major fields. The first is to complete all suggestions through blockchain. Colo, a start-up company, is betting that in this model, they have developed an algorithm to "Polish" some small bitcoin transactions, so that they can represent such transactions as securities and precious metals
to protect the validity of land or house signature has become a typical application in the second category. Bitcoin transactions will add the signature to the account book of the blockchain. Everledger, a start-up company, protects luxury goods in this way. For example, they record the texture attribute of a gem in the blockchain data. If the gem is lost, it can provide the most intuitive proof. Onename stores personal information in a similar way; Note that this kind of application is not pure bitcoin transaction, so you need to give more trust first. For example, you need to tell the application developer some accurate information about yourself
the third kind of application has greater ambition, and "smart contract" can automatically detect whether there are various environments in which it can take effect. This is because bitcoin can be programmed so that it can be available or unavailable in special situations
lighthouse, founded by Mike Hearn, a well-known bitcoin engineer, is a decentralized crowdsourcing project. If enough money goes into the project, then everything starts. If the goal is not reached, it stops. Heran believes that his project can be cheaper and more independent than those of his friends who use bitcoin
5. According to Albert Wenger of USV, a New York venture capital company, the emergence of distributed ledgers has opened up an almost new quadrant of possibilities. This company has invested in a number of decentralized companies, such as openbazaar, which provides P2P transactions. In addition to cheering for the blockchain, some people question its security and scalability. Blockchain is very suitable for bitcoin, but in some niche applications, it can't support the use of millions of users
although Nakamoto's blockchain design has proved to be invincible so far, academic research also believes that it is almost impossible to do bad things on the blockchain without controlling 51% of the whole blockchain. In the past, bitcoin players were limited to a small circle. Today, bitcoin mining is controlled by various big bitcoin pools, where small miners share their efforts and get rewards
another concern is the environment. In order to get more bitcoin, the miners are more interested in computing power
masturbation is a self defiling behavior. This is an unnatural behavior that exists in both sexes. The perpetrator can molest his body without passing others. Through various unclean fantasies, they intend to imitate and obtain the supreme happiness of the senses. Masturbation is vulgar and shameful in modern history Here, even for a brief moment, desire and fantasy drown morality and principle; Strong self-consciousness breaks through the wasteland of sexual desire and enters into a luxurious world imagined by masturbators themselves. For a long time, masturbation has been hovering between social disdain and self satisfaction
masturbation is a bad habit of civilized society, and the only way to escape self-restraint mechanism and seek happiness: masturbation can't be stopped and restrained, when men and women are completing their sexual enlightenment, then masturbation is used to relieve sexual desire and "rape their own bodies." The medical profession has summed up a long list of symptoms caused by masturbation, including tuberculosis, epilepsy, papules, madness, general emaciation, and premature death. Masturbation is "far more terrifying than smallpox."
the consequences of masturbation will be as described in the Bible - death. Death is not God's punishment, but comes from the twisted nature of masturbation. In a sense, masturbation and other subsequent behaviors have largely confirmed Freud's theory that it is easy to commit a crime, but it is difficult to erase the mark of crime. The idea that masturbation will not be detected and punished is a complete illusion
whatever the reason, masturbation is a very popular behavior, because people who inlge in masturbation do not know that they are carrying out wrong behavior, and think that this kind of behavior is not constrained by conscience and society, and will not lead to serious consequences. So masturbation is a pleasure of falsehood, a reversal of reality, so it is dangerous and needs to be strictly prevented. Masturbation is a kind of harm to health, reason and marriage, even to self pleasure
it can be seen that ignorance is an important reason for the widespread masturbation. As a result of debauchery, loneliness and boredom, or through the guidance of peers, some young people begin to learn to inlge themselves by masturbating, but they don't know that this behavior is not only wrong, but also extremely harmful. One reason for ignorance is that masturbation is not known. Other unclean behaviors are often detected, while masturbation is not. People who masturbate don't need to feel shame or guilt, and they won't be restricted by traditional morality
masturbation, a "deceptive vice", is "the most harmful of all behaviors". James Paget, Queen Victoria's doctor, wrote in 1879 that the harm of masturbation is actually a form of sexual hypochondria. Dr. Paget also deplores this behavior. Masturbation, he said, is a sinful act, "dirty, unclean, morally corrupt, and abandoned by both man and God."“ Playing with your body "and so on
masturbation is a sign of self depravity and self despair. This new sexual vice is more attractive to people than any other behavior. It's particularly worrying because people who engage in this kind of behavior think they can go unpunished - "masturbation in particular" is not easy to detect. All men and women are more likely to succumb to masturbation than other sexual vices
a case experienced by Professor Frederick Hoffman of Harley University in Germany. Professor Hoffman is famous for the theory of "essence Qi". He believes that there is a fluid like "essence Qi" in the human body, which is transmitted from the nerves to the muscle tissue and maintained in a state of contracture. This view is widely spread, and that masturbation e to excessive loss of "essence", so it will lead to mandibular relaxation, weakness and other symptoms
masturbation is the total negation of all good things in human sexual life, which causes serious consequences and is the root of all evils, moral corruption and deviance. Fowler, a skull physiologist in the 19th century, wrote a book, which said that masturbation is "the sin of sin, the evil of evil", which will lead to countless "sexual corruption, impotence, various diseases and moral corruption, the total number of which is far more than the sum of other abnormal sexual behaviors". Although Fowler does not deny that this kind of behavior proces self pleasure, others do not. Dr. Kellogg, the founder of the cereal Kingdom and the founder of the famous health care reform movement in the United States, believes that masturbation is the worst of all human sexual quirks. He made no secret of his aversion to masturbation. He called masturbation "the great enemy of mankind" a more "abominable evil" than the "ugly act" of private sex trading
Lord badenberg, the founder of the boy scout movement, said that if this "obscene" behavior becomes a habit, it will soon "destroy people's body and spirit". Those unfortunate people who are tortured by this kind of behavior will eventually be doomed to "enter the madhouse". In the foreword of another widely circulated pamphlet, the leader of the boy scouts in the United States warned that he had witnessed a boy about 12 years old who had to be sent to a madhouse for excessive masturbation. There is almost no cure for the disease. Even older boys are not immune
the book warns everyone that improper playing with private parts will lead to mental disorder, which should be resisted by any normal male. Girls were warned more seriously. If they masturbate, they will have a complete mental breakdown. They will not only be sent to a madhouse like boys, but also be likely to die early. The pamphlet was highly recommended by the president of the Social Health Association of the American women's Club Federation
it is immoral to let the serious consequences of lack of sexual restraint spread, and such a harmful behavior, that is, the unnatural behavior of masturbating to obtain satisfaction, is by no means the solution to the problem. Masturbation is a kind of "depraved behavior deviating from social morality". It does not bring "spiritual relief" to the perpetrators. On the contrary, it makes the perpetrators "physically and mentally damaged, and even lead to mental disorders". The consequences of masturbation are "heinous."
masturbation is the most terrible of all sexual instincts. The basic purpose of sexual intercourse is to breed healthy offspring, so masturbation will not only have fatal consequences on the indivial's reproctive capacity, but also harm the society. There was such a warning in a western sexual health guide that once people "violate the laws of nature", they will lose their reproctive capacity forever. Masturbation is not only harmful to the muscles and nervous system, but also morally debilitating for those reckless teenagers who practice it. Therefore, the guide suggests that in this era of indivialism, people must realize that only they can achieve self salvation
Professor Stanley hall, President of Clark University (the first university in the United States to invite Freud to give a lecture), who can be regarded as the originator of adolescent psychological research, once said that "masturbation is the most heinous behavior" and "the most tragic aspect of human weakness, and the culprit of a series of neurological and cardiovascular diseases". This remark is still popular with many people. In his view, masturbation is the root of all major crimes, whether social or personal
the fundamental problem of masturbation lies in its self satisfaction. It makes it possible for people to fantasize about unrestrained sexual enjoyment without anyone or anything, because all the necessary things - desire and satisfaction - exist in the indivial itself“ The masturbator always has the necessary means, tools and motives to carry out this crime. "“ There is no reason, as long as you have this idea, you can arbitrarily allow your body to be manipulated by pornographic desire; It's fantasy, not nature, that dominates them. "The consistent practice of preventing a certain evil from happening - avoiding temptation
masturbation, which is completely caused by internal behavior, has almost no effect at all. On the contrary, masturbation is generally considered rampant because of its incomparable attractiveness and no way to restrict it. Moreover, since masturbation is always carried out by indivials in private, for some people, it seems to be the only vice that can escape social condemnation without punishment
this "dirty and disgraceful trick" not only makes the body weaker, but also makes the brain more and more ll. This kind of behavior of self satisfaction pollutes people's brain very early. "Masturbation, an indivial vice, has become a public hazard for all mankind."
for masturbation, we need to constantly criticize, condemn and warn. We should not only rely on external restraint force, which has no effect on this kind of evil behavior, but also self-restraint through our own sense of shame and guilt. This sense of shame and guilt is cultivated by constant ecation. In essence, masturbation, once acquired, is addictive. Therefore, this kind of behavior needs constant criticism and condemnation. Masturbation is often compared to smoking. In order to satisfy the endless self desire, people who inlge in these two kinds of bad habits will fall deeper and deeper
because there is no other vice that is more alluring and easier to carry out than masturbation. It can be implemented quietly without any external force, and the chance of masturbation always exists. It is not monitored by the public at all, because it is quite easy to be unknown. What's more, in the real world, the methods that are usually used to prevent evils have no effect on prostitution, and the laws of hindrance and inertia do not apply
since masturbation is often carried out alone and in private, it is entirely possible for this kind of evil behavior to imprison people's soul. It is too late for masturbators to realize the harmfulness of this evil habit. They try their best to get rid of this bad habit, but they always fall into it again. Masturbation, like drugs, makes masturbators addicted and unable to extricate themselves. Like heroin and other lethal drugs, masturbation will make countless innocent people become addicts step by step
masturbation is completely caused by people's inner desire, only shame and guilt
1. There are a large number of block digital currencies, and the market is chaotic
now there are tens of thousands of digital currencies in the market, good and bad. Some currencies have a certain user base, while some are on the verge of death. What's more, some digital currency projects have no contribution code at all, and they are completely reced to money collection tools<
2. Coinage and distribution are separated
coinage and distribution are separated, so there are security risks in third-party software. There have been several such accidents in 17 years, with heavy losses
3. It consumes human and power resources
as we all know, many digital currency mining is a waste of power and human resources. Many different numbers of digital currency mining will cause a lot of resources<
4. The third-party ICO trading platform has great security risks
the ICO trading platforms of digital currency have emerged one after another, which are developed by the third party or independently, so there are great security risks
5. It can't blend with real life in real time
the block digital currency can't blend with real life and service scenes in real time. The whole process is hyped by many interest teams, and ordinary users can't participate in real time in daily life
these are the bad side of the current situation, and the good side is reflected in the continuous progress and attempt of the instry, for example:
the combination of various technologies: for example, the combination of blockchain and VR panoramic, resulting in the new concept of panoramic blockchain, and the combination of artificial intelligence and Internet of things, resulting in more valuable blockchain concept
the application of Tongzheng is more diversified: Tongzheng is an important part of the blockchain, which is most likely to blend with life, and its function also begins to diversify. For example, Tongzheng is used to do accurate advertising drainage and advertising management for businesses, ERP management system for enterprises, human chain management and other resources and data, Or as an application guarantee between different indivials and groups, etc
rationalization of the instry: after a period of boom, the instry began to develop in a more rational and correct direction, and the hype boom cooled down, which is concive to the development of the instry
the state is also strengthening its support for the application and development of blockchain technology.
three major exchanges: okex, fire currency and coin security.
if you want to buy bitcoin, go to the authoritative platform to buy it. It's stable
Pythagoras was born in the Aegean Sea on the island of Samos (today's eastern Greek island). He was intelligent and studious when he was young. He studied geometry, natural science and philosophy under a famous teacher. Later, because of yearning for the wisdom of the East, he came to Babylon, India and Egypt through thousands of rivers and mountains, absorbed the rich nutrition of Arab civilization, Indian civilization and even Chinese civilization, and returned to Samos about 530 BC. Later, he moved to Croton in the south of Italy and founded his own school, which engaged in both ecation and mathematical research
Pythagoras and his school have made a lot of innovations in mathematics, especially interested in the changing law of integers. For example, the number whose sum of all factors is equal to itself (except itself) is called perfect number (such as 6, 28496, etc.), and the number whose sum of all factors is greater than its sum is called surplus number; A number less than the sum of its factors is called a deficiency. They also found that "the sum of the squares of the two right sides of a right triangle equals the square of the hypotenuse", which is called Pythagorean theorem in the West and Pythagorean theorem in China. Nowadays, there is the concept of "Pythagorean ternary array" in mathematics, which refers to the set of three arrays that can be used as three sides of a right triangle< In geometry, Pythagorean School proved that the sum of the inner angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles; The golden section is studied; The method of regular pentagon and similar polygon is found; It is also proved that there are only five kinds of regular polyhedron: regular tetrahedron, regular hexahedron, regular octahedron, regular dodecahedron and regular icosahedron
the Pythagorean School believes that number is the most noble and mysterious, and the number they talk about refers to the integer“ In other words, all kinds of relations in the universe can be expressed by integers or the ratio of integers. However, a student named hippassos found that the diagonal (root 2) of a square with a side length of 1 cannot be expressed by the ratio of integers. This is against the creed of this school, so a discipline is stipulated: no one is allowed to reveal the secret of root 2 (that is, irrational number). The innocent hippassos inadvertently talked to others about his discovery and was killed. But root 2 soon led to a revolution in mathematical thought. In the history of science, this event is called "the first mathematical crisis". The lesson left by hippasso's martyrdom for Gen2 is that science has no end. Whoever delimits a forbidden zone for science will become the enemy of science and will be buried by science< Unfortunately, in his later years, Pythagoras not only tended to be conservative academically, but also opposed new things politically, and finally died
among the early mathematicians in ancient Greece, Pythagoras had the greatest influence. His legendary life left many miraculous legends to future generations
Pythagoras was born in Samos (now a small island in eastern Greece) and died in talinton (now Taranto in southern Italy). He is not only a philosopher, a mathematician, but also an astronomer. When he was young, he went to Babylon and Egypt to study according to the custom of the children of the rich family at that time, so he was directly influenced by the Oriental civilization. After returning to China, Pythagoras founded a secret academic group integrating politics, religion and mathematics, which later generations called Pythagoras School. The activities of this school are all secret, enveloped in a mysterious atmosphere. It is said that every new student has to swear to keep a secret and only join this school for life. The school also has a habit of attributing all inventions to the leaders of the school and keeping them secret so that later generations do not know who invented them or when
Pythagorean theorem (Pythagorean theorem) is another contribution of Pythagoras. One of his students, hippassos, discovered irrational numbers through Pythagorean theorem. Although this discovery broke the Pythagorean belief that everything in the universe is the ratio of integers to integers, and led to hippassos' tragic death, the theorem played a great role in promoting the development of mathematics. In addition, Pythagoras also made some contributions to music, astronomy and philosophy. He pioneered the theory of earth circle, believing that the sun, the moon and the five stars are all spheres floating in space<
little story:
Pythagoras was once invited to attend a dinner party of a rich politician. The owner's luxurious palace like restaurant was paved with square and beautiful marble tiles. These hungry guests complained because the dinner was not served; The mathematician, who is good at observing and understanding, gazed at these regular and beautiful square tiles. However, Pythagoras not only appreciated the beauty of tiles, but also thought of the relationship between them and [number]. So he took the brush and squatted on the floor, chose a tile and drew a square with its diagonal AB as the edge, He found that the square area was exactly equal to the sum of the two tiles. He was very curious, so he made another square with the diagonal of the rectangle made of two tiles. He found that the area of this square was equal to the area of five tiles, that is, the sum of the square areas with two strands as the sides. So far, Pythagoras made a bold assumption: any right triangle, the square of its hypotenuse is exactly equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. That meal, the ancient Greek mathematics master, has not been off the ground.
The common flowers that bloom in summer are:
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lotus
lotus belongs to Ranunculaceae, which is the general name of two species of lotus. Also known as lotus, water hibiscus, etc. It is a perennial aquatic herbaceous flower of lotus. The underground stem is long and thick with long nodes and round leaf shield. The flowering period is from June to September
other summer flowering varieties are: white orchid (huangjuelan), rose, Lagerstroemia indica, pomegranate, Nerium indicum, gardenia, jasmine, Impatiens, Canna
, palm, cycas, asparagus, cactus, sunflower, morning glory, snake Chrysanthemum, gentian, qianrihong, caoshijiang, shuilianhua, delphinium, xiacao, Lilium Hibiscus syriacus, hibiscus
, Lilium, Salvia splendens, Paeonia lactiflora, Celosia cristata, Milan, snow in June, Canna, carnation, sunflower, tulip, Huilan, Jianlan, hibiscus officinalis, Trumpet Flower, pineapple, rape, Albizzia, etc
expand content:
why flowers bloom
answer from a scientific point of view that flower opening is a stage of physiological cycle and metabolism of trees. The main factors regulating flowering are temperature, photoperiod, endogenous hormones, and genetic DNA molecules
photoperiod (sunshine ration) is one of the most important environmental signal factors that regulate the flowering time of plants. The position where plants feel the photoperiod is in the leaves, and the differentiation of flowers is in the top tissue of plants. There is a kind of substance in plants -- anthesin. When plants are inced by photoperiod, anthesin can move from leaves to apical tissue to ince flowering
from the perspective of traditional Chinese culture, according to the traditional theory of Yin Yang and five elements in China, wood, fire, earth, metal and water correspond to spring, summer, long summer, autumn and winter respectively, corresponding to the five changes of birth, growth, transformation, harvest and storage, and corresponding to the five Qi of wind, Department, dampness, dryness and cold. Spring wood is the main source of growth, wind is the air of the sky, and in the earth, it turns into the recovery of all things, the sprouting of plants and flowers. Correspondingly, the harvest will be good in autumn. Plant flowering is to spread pollen, flowers are generally bright, but also fragrance, can attract insects, it can play the role of pollen transmission< br />