NED数字货币是哪发起的

⑴ 数字货币和电子货币的区别

1、应用不同

数字货币：快捷、经济和安全的支付结算；票据金融和供应链金融；抵押品物权数字化。

电子货币：卖方将买方的支付指令通过支付网关送往卖方的收单行；收单行通过银行卡网络从发卡行获得授权许可，并将授权信息再通过支付网关送回卖方；卖方取得授权后，向买方发出购物完成信息。如果支付获取与支付授权不能同时完成，卖方还要通过支付网关向收单行发送支付获取请求，把该笔交易的资金由买方转账到卖方的账户中。银行与银行之间通过支付系统完成最后的行间结算。

2、特点不同

数字货币特点是交易成本低、交易速度快、高度匿名性

电子货币特点是匿名性、节省交易费用、节省传输费用、持有风险小、支付灵活方便、防伪造及防重复性、不可跟踪性。

3、种类不同

数字货币分为三类：完全封闭的、与实体经济毫无关系且只能在特定虚拟社区内使用，如魔兽世界黄金；可以用真实货币购买但不能兑换回真实货币，可用于购买虚拟商品和服务，如 Facebook 信贷；可以按照一定的比率与真实货币进行兑换、赎回，既可以购买虚拟的商品服务，也可以购买真实的商品服务，如比特币。

电子货币：基于互联网环境使用的且将代表货币价值的二进制数据保管在微机终端硬盘内的电子现金；将货币价值保存在IC卡内并可脱离银行支付系统流通的电子钱包。

⑵ 泰国数字货币交易所牌照有哪几种办理条件和费用是多少

泰国的数字货币交易所牌照，实际上是有区别的，大体归类为两种：
中心化的，和去中心化的。
其办理条件也是要求很高的，前提是需要有泰国公司，而且对公司是有规模要求的，不是随便一个泰国公司就可以，然后以公司名义去申请牌照，详细注册公司和申请牌照的流程可以私下问我，这里不做详细解释，码字很累，望理解。
然后是泰国发币方需要的资质申请，这个就比较简单了，费用也是相对较低的（但十万人民币以内是不可能的）
如果时间上可安排的开，可以带你拿去泰国亲自了解详细办理流程，当然也会引荐您与政府相关人员面对面交流。

⑶ 货币安全是重点，数字货币的安全措施有哪些

数字货币的合约交易不安全。数字货币交易平台依然存在诸多漏洞，比如最常见的就有以下六种：

一、拒绝服务攻击

拒绝服务攻击是目前最主要的针对数字货币交易平台的攻击方式，攻击者通过拒绝服务攻击，让交易平台无法正常访问，而用户因为无法准确分辨攻击程度，往往会造成恐慌性的资产转移，从而带来一定的损失影响。

⑷ 重要的英文缩写

1. 表示各种组织或机构的缩略词

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经贸合作组织

IOC (International Olympic Committee) 国际奥林匹克委员会

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 国际标准化组织

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 欧佩克，石油输出国组织

WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织

2. 表示各种系统的缩略词

BBS (Bulletin Board System) 电子布告栏系统或(Bulletin Board Service)电子布告服务

GPS (Global Position System) 全球定位系统

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) 全球移动通信系统

CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System) 计算机集成制造系统

DOS (Disc Operating System) 磁盘操作系统

ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) 智能交通系统

NMD (National Missile Defense) 国家导弹防御系统

NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) 纳斯达克，<美>全国证券交易商自动报价系统协会

3. 有关职务或学位的缩略词

CEO (Chief Executive Officer) 首席执行官

CFO (Chief Finance Officer) 首席财务官

CIO (Chief Information Officer) 首席信息官

COO (Chief Operating Officer) 首席运行官

CTO (Chief Technology Officer)首席技术官

CPA (Certified Public Accountant) 注册会计师

MBA (Master of Business Administration) 工商管理硕士

MPA (Master of Public Administration) 公共管理硕士

4. 有关金融方面的缩略词

ATM (Automated Teller Machine) 自动取款(出纳)机

CBD (Central Business District) 中央商务区

GDP (Gross Domestic Proct) 国内生产总值

GNP (Gross National Proct) 国民生产总值

5. 有关考试方面的缩略词

CET (College English Test) 大学英语等级考试

GRE (Graate Record Examination) 美国研究生入学考试

PETS (Public English Test System) 全国英语等级考试

6. 其他方面的缩略词

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ) 获得性免疫功能丧失综合症，即艾滋病

AM (Amplitude Molation) 调幅

API (Air Pollution Index) 空气污染指数

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 码分多址，一种无线电发射和接受方式

CD (Compact Disc) 激光唱盘

CIP (Cataloguing in Publication)预编目录

DIY (Do It Yourself)指自己动手装电脑，缝制衣服，做贺卡等

DVD (Digital Video Disc) 数字化视频光盘

EMS (Express Mail Service) 邮政特快专递

EQ (Emotional Quotient) 情商

IQ (Intelligence Quotient) 智商

IT (Information Technology) 信息技术

OA (Office Automation) 办公自动化

OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) 原始设备制造商

PC (Personal Computer)个人计算机

SOHO (Small Office Home Office) 小型家居办公室

SOS (Save Our Souls; radio signal once used universally to appeal for help esp. by a ship or boat; urgent request for help from sb. in trouble) 国际上曾通用的紧急呼救信号，也用于一般的求救或求助

VIP (Very Important Person) 重要人物

VOD (Video on Demand) 视频点播

WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网

网络聊天常用英语缩略词
ASAP As soon as possible尽快
BF boyfriend 男朋友
GF girlfriend 女朋友
BTW By the way 随便说一下
BBL Be back later 稍后回来
BRB Be right back 很快回来
CU See you 再见
CUL See you later 下次再会
DIIK Damned if I know 我真的不知道
FE For example 举例
FTF Face to face 面对面
FYI For your information 供参考
IAE In any event无论如何
IC I see 我明白
ILY I love you 我爱你
IMO In my opinion 依我所见
IOW In other words 换句话说
LOL laughing out loudly 大声笑
NRN No reply necessary 不必回信
OIC Oh, I see 哦,我知道
PEM Privacy enhanced mail 保密邮件
RSVP Reply if you please 请答复
TIA Thanks in advance 十分感谢
TTUL Talk to you later 以后再讲
TY Thank you 谢谢
VG very good 很好
WYMM Will you marry me 愿意嫁给我吗

⑸ 求经济类英文文章(带中文翻译)

INTO THE STORM
FOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world’s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China’s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.
过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。
No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world’s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.
不过目前的情况不再是那样了，随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失，新兴国家股市暴跌（有些地区已经腰斩），本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款，并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务，新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱，并引发了一场浩劫。
Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services instry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks’ debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6.6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.
新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些：俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业；韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援：匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元（约66亿美元）的生命线，同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜，同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。
Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China’s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.
有持续问题的国家正棋行险招：阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化，意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面：本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%，虽然增速还算快，但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。
Blowing cold on credit
对信贷没兴趣
The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.
众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同，但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。在过去18个月的全球经济增长中，新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。
In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today’s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.
在类似东欧的很多地区，金融混乱目前的打击目标是软弱的政府；但强硬的政权同样会尝到苦果。一些专家认为中国每年需要7%的增长率来阻止社会动荡的发生。总体来说，如此争端必将影响全球经济一体化的讨论。与以往数次新兴经济危机不同，这次的混乱始于发达国家，很大程度上要归咎于一体化的资本市场。一旦新兴经济崩溃，无论是货币危机还是剧烈的经济萧条，大家对于金融全球化是否属明智之举会有更多的质疑。
Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.
幸运的是上述恐怖的场景没有发生在全球的每个角落：所有的新兴经济都会减缓发展速度，有一些也必将面临深度萧条；但是更多的国家在面临当下危机的时候却拥有比以往任何时候都强壮的形式，用充足的储备、弹性的货币和强大的预算武装自己。新兴国家及发达国家良好的政策可以避免大灾难的发生。
One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world’s disaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.
至少有一个原因值得抱有希望：发达国家此次灾难的直接经济影响还是在可控的范围内。欧美锐减的需求对出口来说无疑是一个打击，特别是对亚洲和墨西哥。商品价格走低：原油价格与巅峰时期比较已经下降了60%，很多粮食和金属类商品跌幅更大。这两个现象有混合效果：尽管从俄罗斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企业备受打击，但却帮助了亚洲的商品（能源）进口商，并且缓和了各地对通胀的恐惧。委内瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不过由于过去极度的繁荣，商品价格下跌目前还不会引发大范围传播的危机。
The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China’s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.
比商品价格更令人震惊的事情发生在金融领域。由于资产价格的下降，财富水平正在被挤压缩水。以中国房价为例，目前已经开始下跌。尽管新兴国家的消费者比发达国家的负债水平低很多，上述情况还是会挫伤国内的经济信心。在其他方面，国外银行借款骤然匮乏、对冲基金以及其他投资者逃离债券市场，这些因素给信贷增长踩了一脚急刹车。正如发达的信贷曾经强力支撑国内支出那样，信贷紧缩将意味着增长放缓。
Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world’s bank l-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers’ group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.
需要再次重申的是，冲击的表现会因国家的不同而有所区别。多亏中国和海湾产油国经常项目下的巨额顺差，新型经济整体还不断的向发达国家输送资本。但是80 多个国家的财政赤字已经超过GDP的5%，其中的多数是那些依靠国外救助过活得贫困国家；不过也有一些依靠私人资本的大国。对于类似土耳其和南非的国家来说，突然减缓的境外融资迫使其进行大幅调整。东欧的情况特别令人担忧，那里的不少国家赤字水平已经达到了两位数。另外，象俄罗斯这样处于顺差的国家，其银行也逐渐适应了可以轻易从外国取得的贷款，原因自然是全球金融一体化。发达国家的救助计划也许可以限制财富被挤压的水平，但资本流向新兴世界的速度无疑会减慢。国际金融研协会预测私人资本的净流量比去年回减少30%。
A wing and a prayer
飞行之翼与祈祷者
This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.
信贷紧缩必将令人生畏，不过多数新兴市场可以躲过一劫，最大的市场形势还相当不错。比较脆弱的市场可以（也应该）得到帮助。
Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country’s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth, China’s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.
在那些坚强的巨人中，中国卓然不群：手握2万亿美元的储备，经常项下的顺差状态，与国外银行罕有关联，过剩的预算给推动支出留有足够空间。鉴于国家领导人已经明确表示将不惜一切代价为经济增长减速缓冲，中国的经济增长应该会减缓到大约8%的水平，但是决不会崩溃。虽然这不足以挽救世界经济，但是该增长率将会为商品价格建底并帮到新兴世界的其他国家。
The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil’s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.
其他的经济大国会受到更大的冲击，不过应该可以禁受住风暴侵袭。印度的财政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面临巨大的外汇风险。但巴西经济已经实现多样化，同时上述两个国家拥有充足的储备来平稳过渡到缓慢的增长。俄罗斯掌握着5500亿美元的储备，应该能够阻止对卢布的抢购。至少在短期内，小国家才是最弱不禁风的。
There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America’s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will l them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.
受到紧缩信贷压力进行的调整必然带来痛苦，但快速的国际援助是明智之举，因为这会让结果很不相同。一些新兴国家已经向美联储求援以缓解流动性问题；有一些则希望中国可以拯救他们与水火。更佳的求救路线莫过于国际货币基金组织，因为它掌握大量的专门知识和2500亿美元的可出借款项。不幸的是人们认为向基金借款有辱其名，国际货币基金组织应该推出更快捷、更灵活的金融工具，同时实现借贷条件最小化。过去数月中，机敏的决策驱散了发达国家的灾难。现在也正是新兴世界发生类似事情的时候了。
希望采纳