NED數字貨幣是哪發起的

⑴ 數字貨幣和電子貨幣的區別

1、應用不同

數字貨幣：快捷、經濟和安全的支付結算；票據金融和供應鏈金融；抵押品物權數字化。

電子貨幣：賣方將買方的支付指令通過支付網關送往賣方的收單行；收單行通過銀行卡網路從發卡行獲得授權許可，並將授權信息再通過支付網關送回賣方；賣方取得授權後，向買方發出購物完成信息。如果支付獲取與支付授權不能同時完成，賣方還要通過支付網關向收單行發送支付獲取請求，把該筆交易的資金由買方轉賬到賣方的賬戶中。銀行與銀行之間通過支付系統完成最後的行間結算。

2、特點不同

數字貨幣特點是交易成本低、交易速度快、高度匿名性

電子貨幣特點是匿名性、節省交易費用、節省傳輸費用、持有風險小、支付靈活方便、防偽造及防重復性、不可跟蹤性。

3、種類不同

數字貨幣分為三類：完全封閉的、與實體經濟毫無關系且只能在特定虛擬社區內使用，如魔獸世界黃金；可以用真實貨幣購買但不能兌換回真實貨幣，可用於購買虛擬商品和服務，如 Facebook 信貸；可以按照一定的比率與真實貨幣進行兌換、贖回，既可以購買虛擬的商品服務，也可以購買真實的商品服務，如比特幣。

電子貨幣：基於互聯網環境使用的且將代表貨幣價值的二進制數據保管在微機終端硬碟內的電子現金；將貨幣價值保存在IC卡內並可脫離銀行支付系統流通的電子錢包。

⑵ 泰國數字貨幣交易所牌照有哪幾種辦理條件和費用是多少

泰國的數字貨幣交易所牌照，實際上是有區別的，大體歸類為兩種：
中心化的，和去中心化的。
其辦理條件也是要求很高的，前提是需要有泰國公司，而且對公司是有規模要求的，不是隨便一個泰國公司就可以，然後以公司名義去申請牌照，詳細注冊公司和申請牌照的流程可以私下問我，這里不做詳細解釋，碼字很累，望理解。
然後是泰國發幣方需要的資質申請，這個就比較簡單了，費用也是相對較低的（但十萬人民幣以內是不可能的）
如果時間上可安排的開，可以帶你拿去泰國親自了解詳細辦理流程，當然也會引薦您與政府相關人員面對面交流。

⑶ 貨幣安全是重點，數字貨幣的安全措施有哪些

數字貨幣的合約交易不安全。數字貨幣交易平台依然存在諸多漏洞，比如最常見的就有以下六種：

一、拒絕服務攻擊

拒絕服務攻擊是目前最主要的針對數字貨幣交易平台的攻擊方式，攻擊者通過拒絕服務攻擊，讓交易平台無法正常訪問，而用戶因為無法准確分辨攻擊程度，往往會造成恐慌性的資產轉移，從而帶來一定的損失影響。

⑷ 重要的英文縮寫

1. 表示各種組織或機構的縮略詞

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亞太經貿合作組織

IOC (International Olympic Committee) 國際奧林匹克委員會

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 國際標准化組織

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 歐佩克，石油輸出國組織

WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界貿易組織

2. 表示各種系統的縮略詞

BBS (Bulletin Board System) 電子布告欄系統或(Bulletin Board Service)電子布告服務

GPS (Global Position System) 全球定位系統

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) 全球移動通信系統

CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System) 計算機集成製造系統

DOS (Disc Operating System) 磁碟操作系統

ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) 智能交通系統

NMD (National Missile Defense) 國家導彈防禦系統

NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) 納斯達克，<美>全國證券交易商自動報價系統協會

3. 有關職務或學位的縮略詞

CEO (Chief Executive Officer) 首席執行官

CFO (Chief Finance Officer) 首席財務官

CIO (Chief Information Officer) 首席信息官

COO (Chief Operating Officer) 首席運行官

CTO (Chief Technology Officer)首席技術官

CPA (Certified Public Accountant) 注冊會計師

MBA (Master of Business Administration) 工商管理碩士

MPA (Master of Public Administration) 公共管理碩士

4. 有關金融方面的縮略詞

ATM (Automated Teller Machine) 自動取款(出納)機

CBD (Central Business District) 中央商務區

GDP (Gross Domestic Proct) 國內生產總值

GNP (Gross National Proct) 國民生產總值

5. 有關考試方面的縮略詞

CET (College English Test) 大學英語等級考試

GRE (Graate Record Examination) 美國研究生入學考試

PETS (Public English Test System) 全國英語等級考試

6. 其他方面的縮略詞

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ) 獲得性免疫功能喪失綜合症，即艾滋病

AM (Amplitude Molation) 調幅

API (Air Pollution Index) 空氣污染指數

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) 碼分多址，一種無線電發射和接受方式

CD (Compact Disc) 激光唱盤

CIP (Cataloguing in Publication)預編目錄

DIY (Do It Yourself)指自己動手裝電腦，縫制衣服，做賀卡等

DVD (Digital Video Disc) 數字化視頻光碟

EMS (Express Mail Service) 郵政特快專遞

EQ (Emotional Quotient) 情商

IQ (Intelligence Quotient) 智商

IT (Information Technology) 信息技術

OA (Office Automation) 辦公自動化

OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) 原始設備製造商

PC (Personal Computer)個人計算機

SOHO (Small Office Home Office) 小型家居辦公室

SOS (Save Our Souls; radio signal once used universally to appeal for help esp. by a ship or boat; urgent request for help from sb. in trouble) 國際上曾通用的緊急呼救信號，也用於一般的求救或求助

VIP (Very Important Person) 重要人物

VOD (Video on Demand) 視頻點播

WWW (World Wide Web) 萬維網

網路聊天常用英語縮略詞
ASAP As soon as possible盡快
BF boyfriend 男朋友
GF girlfriend 女朋友
BTW By the way 隨便說一下
BBL Be back later 稍後回來
BRB Be right back 很快回來
CU See you 再見
CUL See you later 下次再會
DIIK Damned if I know 我真的不知道
FE For example 舉例
FTF Face to face 面對面
FYI For your information 供參考
IAE In any event無論如何
IC I see 我明白
ILY I love you 我愛你
IMO In my opinion 依我所見
IOW In other words 換句話說
LOL laughing out loudly 大聲笑
NRN No reply necessary 不必回信
OIC Oh, I see 哦,我知道
PEM Privacy enhanced mail 保密郵件
RSVP Reply if you please 請答復
TIA Thanks in advance 十分感謝
TTUL Talk to you later 以後再講
TY Thank you 謝謝
VG very good 很好
WYMM Will you marry me 願意嫁給我嗎

⑸ 求經濟類英文文章(帶中文翻譯)

INTO THE STORM
FOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world』s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China』s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.
過去一年的大部分時間里，高速發展的新興國家一直在遠處觀望著西方國家的金融風暴。他們的銀行僅持有少量抵押資產，而類似的資產已經破壞了發達國家的金融公司。商品出口商因為原材料的高價格而日漸富有。中國不可抗拒的經濟力量已然開啟，而且信貸刺激的內需從布達佩斯到巴西利亞都表現得非常充足。盡管大蕭條後關於西方國家受難於金融崩塌的話題與日俱增，但新興國家似乎距離金融風暴的中心還有一段距離。
No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world』s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.
不過目前的情況不再是那樣了，隨著境外資本的流失和經濟信心的消失，新興國家股市暴跌（有些地區已經腰斬），本幣迅速貶值。由於外國銀行突然中斷貸款，並且收縮了包括貿易信貸在內的基礎銀行服務，新興國家的信貸市場突發混亂，並引發了一場浩劫。
Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services instry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks』 debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6.6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.
新興國家的政府和發達國家的政府一樣都在為控制損失程度而奮斗。不過對於外匯儲備充足的國家來說難度會小一些：俄羅斯斥資2200億美元重振金融服務行業；韓國政府擔保了1000億美元的銀行債務。而那些儲備並不充足的國家正在四處求援：匈牙利成功向歐洲央行求得了50億歐元（約66億美元）的生命線，同時也在同國際貨幣基金組織協商借款事宜，同時向國際貨幣基金組織求援的還有烏克蘭。近一打兒的國家在向基金組織求助。
Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China』s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.
有持續問題的國家正棋行險招：阿根廷正在將私人養老金國有化，意圖阻止違約的發生。即使強有力的國家也表現出虛弱一面：本周公布的數字表明今年中國的增長率在第三季度減緩為9%，雖然增速還算快，但是與近些年的兩位數增率相比緩慢了不少。
Blowing cold on credit
對信貸沒興趣
The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.
眾多新興經濟的意願並不相同，但是累計在一起的影響力卻非同一般。最明顯的就是這些國家的表現將會決定世界經濟所面臨的是一個較為緩和的衰退還是更可怕的情況。在過去18個月的全球經濟增長中，新興經濟貢獻了75%。但是他們的經濟命運也會有一些政治後果。
In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today』s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.
在類似東歐的很多地區，金融混亂目前的打擊目標是軟弱的政府；但強硬的政權同樣會嘗到苦果。一些專家認為中國每年需要7%的增長率來阻止社會動盪的發生。總體來說，如此爭端必將影響全球經濟一體化的討論。與以往數次新興經濟危機不同，這次的混亂始於發達國家，很大程度上要歸咎於一體化的資本市場。一旦新興經濟崩潰，無論是貨幣危機還是劇烈的經濟蕭條，大家對於金融全球化是否屬明智之舉會有更多的質疑。
Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.
幸運的是上述恐怖的場景沒有發生在全球的每個角落：所有的新興經濟都會減緩發展速度，有一些也必將面臨深度蕭條；但是更多的國家在面臨當下危機的時候卻擁有比以往任何時候都強壯的形式，用充足的儲備、彈性的貨幣和強大的預算武裝自己。新興國家及發達國家良好的政策可以避免大災難的發生。
One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world』s disaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.
至少有一個原因值得抱有希望：發達國家此次災難的直接經濟影響還是在可控的范圍內。歐美銳減的需求對出口來說無疑是一個打擊，特別是對亞洲和墨西哥。商品價格走低：原油價格與巔峰時期比較已經下降了60%，很多糧食和金屬類商品跌幅更大。這兩個現象有混合效果：盡管從俄羅斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企業備受打擊，但卻幫助了亞洲的商品（能源）進口商，並且緩和了各地對通脹的恐懼。委內瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不過由於過去極度的繁榮，商品價格下跌目前還不會引發大范圍傳播的危機。
The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China』s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.
比商品價格更令人震驚的事情發生在金融領域。由於資產價格的下降，財富水平正在被擠壓縮水。以中國房價為例，目前已經開始下跌。盡管新興國家的消費者比發達國家的負債水平低很多，上述情況還是會挫傷國內的經濟信心。在其他方面，國外銀行借款驟然匱乏、對沖基金以及其他投資者逃離債券市場，這些因素給信貸增長踩了一腳急剎車。正如發達的信貸曾經強力支撐國內支出那樣，信貸緊縮將意味著增長放緩。
Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world』s bank l-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers』 group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.
需要再次重申的是，沖擊的表現會因國家的不同而有所區別。多虧中國和海灣產油國經常項目下的巨額順差，新型經濟整體還不斷的向發達國家輸送資本。但是80 多個國家的財政赤字已經超過GDP的5%，其中的多數是那些依靠國外救助過活得貧困國家；不過也有一些依靠私人資本的大國。對於類似土耳其和南非的國家來說，突然減緩的境外融資迫使其進行大幅調整。東歐的情況特別令人擔憂，那裡的不少國家赤字水平已經達到了兩位數。另外，象俄羅斯這樣處於順差的國家，其銀行也逐漸適應了可以輕易從外國取得的貸款，原因自然是全球金融一體化。發達國家的救助計劃也許可以限制財富被擠壓的水平，但資本流向新興世界的速度無疑會減慢。國際金融研協會預測私人資本的凈流量比去年回減少30%。
A wing and a prayer
飛行之翼與祈禱者
This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.
信貸緊縮必將令人生畏，不過多數新興市場可以躲過一劫，最大的市場形勢還相當不錯。比較脆弱的市場可以（也應該）得到幫助。
Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country』s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth, China』s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.
在那些堅強的巨人中，中國卓然不群：手握2萬億美元的儲備，經常項下的順差狀態，與國外銀行罕有關聯，過剩的預算給推動支出留有足夠空間。鑒於國家領導人已經明確表示將不惜一切代價為經濟增長減速緩沖，中國的經濟增長應該會減緩到大約8%的水平，但是決不會崩潰。雖然這不足以挽救世界經濟，但是該增長率將會為商品價格建底並幫到新興世界的其他國家。
The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil』s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.
其他的經濟大國會受到更大的沖擊，不過應該可以禁受住風暴侵襲。印度的財政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面臨巨大的外匯風險。但巴西經濟已經實現多樣化，同時上述兩個國家擁有充足的儲備來平穩過渡到緩慢的增長。俄羅斯掌握著5500億美元的儲備，應該能夠阻止對盧布的搶購。至少在短期內，小國家才是最弱不禁風的。
There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America』s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will l them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.
受到緊縮信貸壓力進行的調整必然帶來痛苦，但快速的國際援助是明智之舉，因為這會讓結果很不相同。一些新興國家已經向美聯儲求援以緩解流動性問題；有一些則希望中國可以拯救他們與水火。更佳的求救路線莫過於國際貨幣基金組織，因為它掌握大量的專門知識和2500億美元的可出借款項。不幸的是人們認為向基金借款有辱其名，國際貨幣基金組織應該推出更快捷、更靈活的金融工具，同時實現借貸條件最小化。過去數月中，機敏的決策驅散了發達國家的災難。現在也正是新興世界發生類似事情的時候了。
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